Crisia 2022, LII

STUDII ȘI ARTICOLE / STUDIES AND ARTICLES
 
1. KATÓCZ Zoltán
 
OBSERVAȚII TIPOLOGICE ȘI COMPARATIVE CU PRIVIRE LA URCIOARELE DIN FINALUL EPOCII CUPRULUI
 
TYPOLOGICAL AND COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS OF THE LATE COPPER AGE JUGS
 
From the Ier and Crișul Repede valley we know several archaeological sites that can be dated back to the Late Copper Age. After decades of field research, it is clear that the Baden culture in the lowland areas had close social and commercial relations with the Coțofeni communities from higher altitude regions. These cultural and economic relations were confirmed primarily by the movement of imported ceramic material especially in the contact zone such as the Ier and Crișul Repede valley, where the Baden and Coțofeni cultures lived relatively close to each other.
In the present study I will discuss about jugs of different types and sizes, because until now these categories of vessels have not been analysed in general, even though several wellpreserved variants or fragments have appeared in this geographical area. For this reason, the rediscussion of the typological structure of the jugs of this region from the Late Copper Age is very important. Based on the archaeological findings I have been able to distinguish five main categories of jugs considering the size, shape of the body and the way they were made. At the same time, the distribution area of certain types of jugs can be determined based only on the morphological aspect and the way they were decorated, because some variants are more common in the areas dominated by the Baden culture, while others appear only in Coțofeni context. Even if these small archaeological observations do not provide an overall picture about the structure of the pottery from the end of the Copper Age in these regions, I still believe that my results will provide some considerations for the typological and cultural determination of the jugs that were used both by the Baden culture and the Coțofeni communities.
 
 
 
2. Georgiana Teodora POP
 
MATERIALE ARHEOLOGICE DESCOPERITE ÎN SITUL ARHEOLOGIC DE LA CRESTUR „CETĂȚUIE” (COM. ABRĂMUȚ, JUDEȚUL BIHOR)
 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS DISCOVERED AT CRESTUR “CETĂȚUIE” (BIHOR COUNTY)
 
The multilayered settlement belonging to the Bronze Age at Crestur “Cetățuie” [Hung. Apátkeresztúr  “Várhegy”] is located approximately 40 km northwest of Oradea (Bihor county), 130 meters south of the Bolcaș reservoir. Despite the fact that the archaeological site has been known since the 1970s very little other information is known about this site. In this paper, after a brief review of the main moments regarding the research of this site, I will analyze a batch of ceramic fragments collected between 2013 and 2018 during some field surveys. As a result of ornamentation and ceramic forms, the artifacts belong to the IInd and IIIrd phase of Otomani pottery style from Middle Bronze Age.
 
 
 
3. Alexandra GĂVAN, Marian-Adrian LIE, Nadine NOLDE, Tanja ZERL, Astrid RÖPKE, Mirijam ZICKEL, Tobias KIENLIN, Gruia FAZECAȘ
 
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE 2021 EXCAVATION SEASON AT TOBOLIU
 
This paper presents the preliminary results of the 2021 excavation campaign carried out in the Bronze Age tell-based settlement complex from Toboliu (Bihor County, Romania). The site consists of a relatively small tell that is surrounded by an extensive horizontal settlement covering an area of about 84 ha. The 2021 excavation season in Toboliu was focused on investigating the outer settlement of this site. An excavation block measuring 5 x 12 m (Trench 5) was opened at about 220 m NNE of the settlement mound. This paper provides an overview of the main archaeological features uncovered in Trench 5, along with the first results of the archaeobotanical, archeozoological and geoarchaeological investigations. The fieldwork and analyses upon which this report is based were conducted within the framework of an interdisciplinary project funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG).
 
 
 
4. Corina TOMA
 
CERCETAREA ARHEOLOGICĂ PREVENTIVĂ A SITULUI DE EPOCĂ DACICĂ DE LA KM. 2 AL DRUMULUI DE LEGĂTURĂ „GIRAȚIA SÂNTANDREI – AUTOSTRADA A3 BIHARIA”
 
PREVENTIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF THE DACIAN SETTLEMENT ON KM. 2 OF THE CONNECTING ROAD “GIRAȚIA SÂNTANDREI – A3 BIHARIA MOTORWAY”
 
The preventive archaeological research carried out in April-May 2022 led to the discovery of an archaeological site with 283 pits, which belong to distinct chronological horizons: a Late Latène settlement, traces of medieval and pre-modern habitation, as well as an 18th-century cemetery. In the area of the Dacian settlement, pits of various types, isolated or grouped, have been excavated and investigated, some containing ceramic fragments and remains of hearths or earth ovens, which are presented, in the form of the excavation report, in the present paper.
 
 
 
5. Călin COSMA
 
TIPURI DE CRUCI RELICVAR BIZANTINE DIN BRONZ CU FIGURI ÎN RELIEF, DESCOPERITE PE TERITORIUL ROMÂNIEI
 
TYPES OF BYZANTINE BRONZE RELIQUARY CROSS TYPES WITH FIGURES IN RELIEF DISCOVERED ON ROMANIAN TERRITORY
 
Specialized studies have established the existence of two types of reliquary crosses on Romanian territory: Byzantine engolpions and Russian and/or Kievan engolpians. The Byzantine ones include two groups: with representations in relief and with decoration made by engraving and/or niello inlay. On the territory of Romania, 53 bronze engolpions with figures in relief were discovered, which were divided according to the manufacture characteristics into three types. The discoveries were mostly accidental, without stratigraphic context; most of the pieces coming from Dobrogea, then from Banat and only one specimen each from Transylvania and Moldova. The dating of this type of Byzantine reliquary crosses is in the 10th-11th centuries.
 
 
 
6. Doru MARTA, F. PORSZTNER Kitti, EMŐDI Tamás, MIHÁLKA Nándor
 
CERCETĂRI ARHEOLOGICE ÎN PALATUL PRINCIAR DIN CETATEA ORADEA I: ARIPA SUD-VESTICĂ A PALATULUI PRINCIAR
 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE PRINCE’S PALACE OF THE ORADEA FORTRESS I: THE SOUTHWEST WING OF THE PRINCE’S PALACE
 
The archeological research at the southwestern wing of the Prince’s Palace in the Oradea Fortress has provided new information about the medieval topography of the Episcopal Fortress and the southwestern wing of the Prince’s Palace.
The foundations of the barracks keep the constructions of the renaissance and baroque building. The planimetry of the renaissance building did not include the current hall, the large rooms were arched on the ground floor and had flat ceilings on the first one. During the reconstruction in the second half of the 18th century one more floor was added to this wing, as well as a new structure towards the yard, consisting of arched corridors on each floor. A new staircase was built, and all the rooms of the extension were arched, based on the designs of military engineer Lodovico Marini.
Archaeological digging under the barracks revealed the Small Virgin Mary church, which was built before the Mongol invasion of 1241, with a semicircular sanctuary and an almost square nave, a popular planimetry in Bihor County and the Hungarian Kingdom. In the first quarter of the 14th century the building is reconstructed in gothic style, the shape of the sanctuary becomes polygonal, which resembles the ones found in the historic churches of Abram, Uileacu Şimleului and the old Pest County. The place of worship was demolished during the 1620s, when the renaissance Prince’s Palace was erected.
 
 
 
7. Sorin BULZAN
 
FORTIFICAȚIA MEDIEVALĂ DE LA CORBEȘTI, COM. CEICA, JUD. BIHOR
 
THE MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATION FROM CORBEȘTI, CEICA COMMUNE, BIHOR COUNTY
 
The medieval ruins from Corbești are located in the hilly area near the Piatra Craiului Mountains. Although the location of the site is known from the 1980s, any medieval documents were connected with this fortification. After two documents from 1508 and 1570, this study argues that it can be related to noble Telegdi family from Tileagd on the Crișul Repede river. The main purpose of rampart was to watch a mountain pass between the properties of this family located in the Crișul Repede valley and those from Crișul Negru choosing the shorthest path. It is also supposed to be a salt road.
 
 
 
8. Alexandru SIMON
 
UN IMBROGLIO DIN DACIA MEDITERRANEA: UMANISTUL ANTONIO BONFINI, EPISCOPUL DE ORADEA IOAN FILIPEC ŞI AMINTIREA DOMNIEI REGELUI MATIA CORVIN
 
AN IMBROGLIO IN DACIA MEDITERRANEA: THE HUMANIST ANTONIO BONFINI, THE BISHOP OF ORADEA, JOHN FILIPEC AND THE MEMORY OF KING MATTHIAS CORVINUS’ REIGN
 
Matthias Corvinus’ (r. 1458-1490) best known chronicler was the Italian Antonio Bonfini. The most important diplomat of the Hunyadi monarch in the final decade of his reign was the Moravian Czech John (Jan) Filipec. The careers of Filipec (after 1468) and Bonfini (from 1486 onwards) met and parted ways in the service of the son of John Hunyadi and of the father of John Corvinus, as well as in the service of Wladislaw II Jagiello (r. 1471-1516/1490-1516), the unwanted Hungarian (and Bohemian) successor of Matthias. The two, Filipec and Bonfini, also shared Oradea. The former was its bishop (1476-1490). The latter placed the city of Oradea (Varad/ Varadinum) in Dacia Mediterranea. This he did after the divine Matthias had passed away (April 6, 1490) and – last but certainly not least – after Filipec had resigned as bishop of Oradea (post September 21, 1490), following the royal Hungarian coronation of Wladislaw II Jagiello he had organized in Szekésfehérvár.
The curious location of Oradea, that city and bishopric were anything but “southern” and belonged to “neither” ancient Roman Dacia nor Roman Pannonia, belongs to a series of “curiosities” in the text submitted by Bonfini to Wladislaw II in the second half of 1492, more than two years after the death of Matthias, Bonfini’s first Hungarian master. The new monarch was more than pleased by Bonfini’s work, whom he consequently ennobled and kept in his well-paid service. In light of these otherwise often overlooked circumstances (Bonfini’s Decades are usually deemed a Matthias’ product and not a gift presented to Wladislaw), the case of Oradea, placed by Bonfini in a fictitious Dacia and also under the authority of the prelate who no longer held office (as Bonfini knew all too good), might be rather relevant for the understanding of personal and collective choices and mechanisms that shaped the images of both Hunyadi and Jagiellonian Hungary, and not only. The present paper focuses chiefly on Bonfini’s text and its early modern editions (1540s-1580s) and traditions in relation to the (past) events in the 1480s-1490s.
 
 
 
9. Francesco RUVOLO
 
LA CITTADELLA DI ORADEA TRA ’5 E ’600. A RCHITETTI ITALIANI E DIFESA ANTITURCA NEL CUORE DELL’EUROPA
THE CITADEL OF ORADEA BETWEEN ’5 AND ’600. ITALIAN ARCHITECTS AND ANTI-TURK DEFENSE IN THE HEART OF EUROPE
 
The contribution studies the role of Italian architects in anti-Turkish defense in Central Eastern Europe, with particular attention to the citadel of Oradea (in Italian Varadino) between the 16th and 17th centuries. Unpublished documents (manuscripts, very rare printed and iconic notices) on Oradea, of particular interest to the years of the Long War or the Thirteen Years’ War of Hungary (29 July 1593 – 11 November 1606) between the Habsburgs and the Turks with a significant and little-known presence of Italian and Roman soldiers (7 thousand men, mostly dead) belonging to a planned Holy League promoted by Pope Clement VIII. Oradea was the protagonist in these circumstances of a Turkish siege (1598) as documented by an unprecedented German view, of considerable media value.
 
 
 
10. Gizella NEMETH, Adriano PAPO
 
L’IRRUZIONE TATARA NEL MARAMUREȘ E NELLA TRANSILVANIA NEL SETTEMBRE DEL 1717
THE TATAR INVASION OF MARAMUREȘ AND TRANSYLVANIA IN SEPTEMBER 1717
 
While the army of Prince Eugene of Savoy was besieging the fortress of Belgrade and the Turkish troops of Grand Vizier Hacı Halıl Pasha, strong of more than 150,000 men, were marching towards the Serbian city in order to attack the Imperial army from behind, the Sublime Porte tried to simultaneously threaten the borders of Hungary and Transylvania which had remained less protected and defended. For this enterprise it would have made use of the contribution of the Hungarian rebels and exiles, but above all of the Tatar hordes of the Crimean Canat, who were very skilled in raids, so devastating the lands they occupied. From Transylvania, the Tatars should have passed into the mining region of Upper Hungary. There was also fear of an incursion into Transylvania from the south by the Tatar and Turkish troops of Regeb Pasha. The Imperials were also wary of the Wallachian voivode Ioan Mavrocordat, who, although their ally, was ready to go over to the enemy’s side. Therefore, the defenses of the southern borders of Transylvania were strengthened: the land was thus forbidden to the Tatars. The Tatars, on the other hand, stormed towards Bistrița from the east together with Moldovan troops and Hungarian exiles, pushing on one side as far as Gherla and Cluj-Napoca, on the other pouring into Maramureș. They destroyed numerous villages and castles and killed or deported thousands of people. Mobilization was then proclaimed in Transylvania: the Tatar horde was attacked from all sides, and, since it was barred from the way out to Poland, it had to flee to Moldavia via Maramureș. Prince Eugene did not send Imperial troops to stop the invasion of the Tatars, because he predicted that it would be exhausted in a short time, as indeed it did.
 
 
 
11. Emilia Mihaela DEAC
 
DESPRE VENITURILE EPISCOPIEI UNITE DE FĂGĂRAȘ ÎN SECOLUL AL XVIII-LEA. PERIOADA LUI INOCHENTIE MICU KLEIN (1729-1751)
 
ON THE INCOME OF THE GREEK CATHOLIC EPISCOPATE OF FĂGĂRAȘ IN THE 18TH CENTURY. INOCHENTIE MICU KLEIN’S TIME (1729-1751)
 
Inochentie Micu Klein’s episcopat was among the most debated in specialized historiography, the emphasis falling mainly on the bishop’s struggle for the rights of the greek-catholic Rmanians, laymen and clerics alike. The purpose of this paper is to bring to the foreground the bishop’s efforts to improve the material condition of the clergy and of his diocese. Firstly, the research aims to identify the types of the diocese revenues, on which material funds of the diocese was based in its economic as well as instutional development. The next point will be to analyze revenue management and the ways to invest the money; I am also interested to identify the persons who managed the bishopric endowment. From the collection of income until investment, this presentation aims to observe the role played by the bishop in the augmentation of the diocese income, during the years spent in the diocese and also in those of his exile in Rome.
 
 
 
12. Tiberiu Alexandru CIORBA
 
EDUCAȚIA CLERULUI GRECO-CATOLIC. DATE ȘI STATISTICI CU PRIVIRE LA STUDENȚII TEOLOGI AI EPISCOPIEI GRECO-CATOLICE DIN ORADEA (1792-1850)
THE EDUCATION OF THE GREEK-CATHOLIC CLERGY. STATISTICS AND DATA REGARDING THEOLOGY STUDENTS OF THE GREEK-CATHOLIC BISHOPRIC OF ORADEA (1792-1850)
 
Education has always been an important goal of the Greek-Catholic Church starting with the 18th century. In the case of Oradea, after the foundation of the bishopric in 1777 there was an urgent need of
well-trained priests that could lead the small parishes of Bihor county and at the same time, be a part of
the central administration of the diocese. Therefore the bishops along with their chapter members had to
invest in the formal education of many young Romanians to strenghten, evolve and preserve the
ecclesiastical institution. The creation fo the small Greek-Catholic Seminary in 1792, which housed only
children and helped them finish their primary and secondary schools, improved the odds of future students
and possible candidates for priesthood. This article aims to analise the numbers and statistics of theology
students during the first part of the 19th century and to see what kind of impact did the education system
of the time had on the local ecclesiastical environment.
 
 
 
13. Ioan CIORBA
 
ASPECTE ALE VIEȚII ORTODOXE DIN CADRUL LOCALITĂȚII CALEA MARE (JUDEȚUL BIHOR) PE PARCURSUL SECOLELOR XVIII-XIX
 
ASPECTS OF THE ORTHODOX LIFE IN CALEA MARE VILLAGE (BIHOR COUNTY) DURING 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES
 
This article proposes an overview of the life of the Orthodox community from Calea Mare village (Bihor County) during the 18th and 19th centuries. Documentary attested for the first time in the middle of the 16th century, this village had an Orthodox majority population during the period that is subject of our attention. Based on the information found in various archival collections (we have included here two registers of documents drafted by village priests starting with the last decade of 18th century) we succeeded in sketching the history of this confession and the challenges that stood in front of this community.
The following rows contain a series of data and information about the church (its building, repair, sanctification), the active priests, the books from the parish, the evolution of the number of believers and how they were distributed on households, gender etc.
We could very well underline the flux of notifications and decisions sent in this parish by some state institutions and church representatives. Through these documents we tried to reveal some aspects in the demographic, matrimonial, financial, military, cultural and educational fields.
 
 
 
14. Cristian APATI
 
O CONSCRIERE NOMINALĂ A CREDINCIOȘILOR ORTODOCȘI DIN ORADEA-VELENȚA ÎNTOCMITĂ ÎN ANUL 1800
A NOMINAL CONSCRIPTION OF THE ORTHODOX BELIEVERS FROM ORADEA-VELENȚA DRAWN UP IN 1800
 
In 1800, the priest of the Orthodox Church in Oradea-Velența drew up a nominal record of his believers, by family, showing the quality and age of everyone. The document is unique. No other document of this kind from the year 1800 or earlier is known to date. Its value is all the greater as the records of births and deaths begin in this parish only in 1805.
The information contained in the document allowed us a demographic analysis of the Orthodox community in Oradea-Velența. We calculated the average number of inhabitants in a house; we counted the houses according to the number of inhabitants. We also considered the gender and age group distribution of the population. Finally, I highlighted some social categories: nobles, tenants and servants.
To support those interested in genealogy, family history or the history of elites, we publish the complete document in the appendix.
 
 
 
15. TŐTŐS Áron
 
„CORUPT DIN PUNCT DE VEDERE MORAL”. PROSTITUATELE ÎN MONARHIA AUSTRO-UNGARĂ
“MORALLY CORRUPT”. PROSTITUTES IN THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY
 
In my writing, I take the reader to a world, now largely gone, where the written and unwritten rules defining the roles of men and women were different from those of today. Then, the social mobility of rural women or urban working-class women, the position and opportunities for advancement of poorer, lower-class women were much more limited than they are today. Of course, I do not intend to present the whole spectrum. Therefore, in this paper I will focus on prostitutes as the social status of women in the dualist era. By referring to archives and new sources, we can shed light on how far the rules of social coexistence can be stretched and how these women lived their lives as prostitutes. The presentation of this exceptional social group shows how far the rules of social coexistence can be stretched and how these women lived their lives as prostitutes. Finally, this “abnormal theme”, apart from a few strange anomalies, may seem quite general.
 
 
 
16. Diana IANCU
 
MĂSURI ALIMENTARE RESTRICTIVE ADOPTATE ÎN ORADEA LA ÎNCEPUTUL PRIMULUI RĂZBOI MONDIAL
RESTRICTIVE FOOD MEASURES ADOPTED IN ORADEA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
 
In this paper we aim to present some documents that reveal the restrictive measures in regard the alimentation of civil population in Oradea. Among these we mention: the consumption of bread was limited and it could only be sold on the basis of bread cards; the use of wheat flour was not allowed, but a mixture had to be made, with different types of flour; maximum prices were fixed. The supply of food to the population and the troops that were on front was one of the problems that the states involved in the First World War had to manage.
 
 
 
17. Cristina Liana PUȘCAȘ
 
PAVEL MALIŢA, PARTICIPANT LA MAREA ADUNARE NAȚIONALĂ DE LA ALBA IULIA. MEMORII DESPRE LUMEA SATULUI ROMÂNESC
 
PAVEL MALIŢA, PARTICIPANT IN THE GREAT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN ALBA IULIA. MEMORIES OF THE ROMANIAN VILLAGE WORLD
 
Pavel Malița participated in the First World War, and after the first signs that the Austro-Hungarian Empire was about to fall apart, he returned home to Săcădat, where he joined the village intellectuals in order to organize the National Guards. He was the one appointed by Aurel Lazăr himself to take all the signatures and documents that supported the moment of the Union to Alba Iulia. After the integration of Transylvania into the borders of Greater Romania, Pavel Malița graduated from the Faculty of Law and ended up practicing as a jurist at Bihor Prefecture. Childhood memories are the subject of the Appendix to this introductory study. They came to us in the form of a donation to the Țării Crișurilor Museum in Oradea, being passed on by Pavel Malița’s granddaughter, Mihaela Malița, who is currently a teacher in the U.S.A. The memoirs were conceived in the form of five letters, mostly addressed to the granddaughter, contained in a notebook of 35 pages. The first letter is dated May 18, 1956, and the last August 17, 1956.
 
 
 
18. Răzvan Mihai NEAGU
 
PERSONALITĂŢI ALE MARII UNIRI: PETRU POPOVICI (1866-1946), PROTOPOPUL ORTODOX AL ABRUDULUI
 
PERSONALITIES OF THE GREAT UNION: PETRU POPOVICI (1866-1946), ORTODOX PROTOPOPE OF ABRUD
 
In the complex process of unifying Transylvania with Romania, the priests played a very important role. The Romanian priest, both Orthodox and Greek Catholic, was a community leader. One of the most important clerical personalities, who represented Alba de Jos County at the Great Union, was the protopope Petru Popovici of Abrud. Originally from Ţara Făgăraşului, Petru Popovici linked his entire activity to Abrud, where he served as a priest, becoming a respected personality. The distinguished priest was a defender of national values and a supporter of the Romanian school. Petru Popovici carried out a very rich social activity in the service of the Romanian national interest. During the First World War, the protopope of Abrud endured the persecution of Hungarian rule. Petru Popovici participated at the most important moment in the history of the Romanians, the union of Transylvania with Romania, as a legal delegate representing the church institution he led. During the interwar period, the archpriest made a valuable contribution to the organization of public life in the Apuseni Mountains, on a Romanian basis. The Archpriest of Abrud was involved in the reactivation of the Orthodox Diocese of Cluj, being from this point of view, a collaborator of the hierarch Nicolae Ivan. During the interwar period, the archpriest of Abrud became involved, like many other priests (be they Orthodox or Greek Catholic) in the tumultuous and turbulent Romanian political life. Thus, he ran for the post of senator from Alba County, on the list of the National Peasant Bloc, managing to win the mandate. He was a senator in the 1926-1927 legislature. One of the great challenges faced by Archpriest Petru Popovici in the interwar period was the spiritual struggle with the phenomenon of sectarianism.
 
 
 
19. Petru ARDELEAN
 
GENERAL NICOLAE MIHĂILESCU – MILITARUL DE CARIERĂ ȘI LEGĂTURILE SALE CU ORADEA. CERCETĂRI PRELIMINARE
 
GENERAL NICOLAE MIHĂILESCU – AN EXCEPTIONAL MILITARY CAREER AND HIS CONNECTIONS WITH ORADEA. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
 
The research takes into account the personality of the career military general Nicolae Mihailescu. He was born in Bucharest on March 27th, 1881, attended the military school in Iaşi, finishing as a cavalry officer. He participated with the Romanian army in various campaigns during the Balkan War (1913). With Romania’s entry into World War I, he participated in all military operations. He made himself noticed as a very good strategist, coming under the subordination of Brigadier General Ștefan Holban, with whom he fought on the Crișul Repede valley in the Ciucea gorge, advancing towards Oradea and from here to Budapest. He climbed the military hierarchical ladder to the rank of Brigadier General and was unlocked on 9 April 1938. For his selflessness on the battlefield he received various decorations from the Romanian State, and King Carol II and Marshal Antonescu proposed him to take over the post of Minister of the Interior, which he refused. He passed away in 1956 at the age of 75.
 
 
 
20. Călin GHEMIȘ
 
DIN MEDALISTICA UNIRII – UN MEDALION SEMNAT KARA MIHÁLY
 
FROM THE MEDALS OF THE UNION – A UNIQUE MEDALLION OF KING FERDINAND SIGNED KARA MIHÁLY
 
In 1920 Mihail Kara known also as Kara Mihály, or Kron Mihály, issued an small number of medalions dedicated to the Union of Romanians. In this brief note I present an unknown type of one from those medalions. The reverse of the piece shows the King Ferdinand’s profile, while the obverse is empty.
The aim of this small note is to contribute to the knowlege of small art-works of this important sculptor who worked a while in Oradea.
 
 
 
21. Gabriel MOISA, Livia BUCUR
ROMÂNII DIN UNGARIA TRIANONICĂ. STRUCTURI ORGANIZATORICE: 1920-2020
ROMANIANS FROM TRIANON HUNGARY. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES: 1920-2020
 
Throughout the last century, since the reconfiguration of the borders after the First World War, the Romanian community in Hungary has known several forms of organization. The separation from the Romanian ethnic bloc created great problems for those who remained inside the Hungarian state. The existing natural links with those from Crișana, Banat and Transylvania were broken, and the community remained practically suspended, without any support. The organization in a minority institutional structure, which would act in the direction of supporting the interests of the Romanian nationality, was completely missing, this type of structure existed before 1918 in the Romanian National Party from Transylvania, Banat, Crisana and Maramureș. After the establishment of the communist regime, another stage was reached in which the socialist system, under ideological impulse, outlined the idea of the annihilation of any national differences.
With the regime changes that took place in 1989-1990, the situation changed a lot, the Romanian community in Hungary, like others, had their own community organizations. Started with a lot of hope for preserving their own identity, in time they failed in the sphere of strict control of the Hungarian authorities, which makes it very difficult to maintain the identity.
 
 
 
22. Cornelia ROMÎNAȘU, Radu ROMÎNAȘU
 
ACTIVITATEA DESPĂRȚĂMÂNTULUI ORĂDEAN AL „ASTREI” ÎN TIMPUL PREȘEDINȚIEI LUI AUREL LAZĂR (1923-1930)
THE ACTIVITY OF THE ORADEAN „ASTRA” DEPARTMENT OF ORADEA DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF AUREL LAZĂR (1923-1930)
 
The Oradean Astra Department was established in 1900 and throughout its existence had notable achievements in all fields of activity within cultural life. Being important for the Romanians from Bihor, ASTRA enriched the cultural history of the county. Around the association, especially after Aurel Lazăr was elected president in 1923, a strong cultural movement was created, which included all the active Romanian elements of Crișana. During this period, numerous public conferences, artistic-cultural sessions, rural celebrations were organized, books and brochures were published on various topics, literacy courses were organized in collaboration with the teachers’ and women’s associations, with the societies of craftsmen, and with the religious ones, the foundations of some libraries were laid, especially in rural localities, the establishment of an ethnographic museum of Bihor was constantly supported.
 
 
 
23. Sanda Dumitrița BUBOI
 
ULPIU TRAIAN GOMBOȘIU. O SCURTĂ BIOGRAFIE
ULPIU TRAIAN GOMBOȘIU. A SHORT BIOGRAPHY
 
This article aims to present a short biography of the one who was, for a long time, the general secretary of the Bihor organization of P.N.L. – Ulpiu Traian Gomboșiu. We focused on his political activity, including his activity as director of the official newspaper of the Liberals from Bihor, Dreptatea Poporului. I also briefly reviewed his work as a journalist and the major conflicts in which he was involved, as well as his work as an agent for the S.S.I. on the territory of Hungary. The last part of the article summarizes both the repercussions suffered by Ulpiu Traian Gomboșiu from the communist regime, due to the political activity and within the S.S.I. being detained, as well as his collaboration with the Security as an informant.
 
 
 
24. Radu Florian BRUJA
 
LUPTA PENTRU PUTERE DIN ROMÂNIA ȘI SLOVACIA ÎN IANUARIE 1941 (REFLECȚII ASUPRA RAPOARTELOR DIPLOMATICE ALE LUI IVAN MILECZ ȘI NICOLAE LAHOVARY)
THE STRUGGLE OF POWER IN ROMANIA AND SLOVAKIA IN JANUARY 1941 (REFLECTIONS ON DIPLOMATIC REPORTS OF IVAN MILECZ AND NICOLAE LAHOVARY)
 
The present study addresses an unknown problem in Romanian historiography. Starting from three distinct issues we tried to analyze the political situation in Romania and Slovakia in January 1941. Both countries allied through the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany had the political scene divided between a conservative and authoritarian leader (Ion Antonescu, respectively Jozef Tiso) and the radical pro-Nazi group (The Legionary Movement, respectively Hlinka Guard). We investigated the position of Slovak diplomat accredited in Bucharest, Ivan Milecz, towards the legionary rebellion. We watched the German game through the German diplomat Manferd von Killinger, moved from Bratislava to Bucharest in January 1941. Thirdly, we commented on Nicolae Enric Lahovary’s diplomatic report about the echo of the Bucharest rebellion on the Slovak political scene. One aspect on which we focused our attention was the role of these three diplomats in events. Furthermore, the other thorough aspect which has not been analyzed before was the consequences of the outcome of the power struggle from Romania and Slovakia. How Germany solved the political events and the struggle for power in Romania and Slovakia are defining for the description of the general context of the area of German domination in early 1941.
 
 
 
25. Daniel Cornel BARNA
 
ADMINISTRATORUL APOSTOLIC IULIU HOSSU ÎN MIJLOCUL CREDINCIOȘILOR DIN EPISCOPIA UNITĂ DE ORADEA-MARE (1941-1945)
IULIU HOSSU ALONGSIDE THE BELIEVERS OF THE GREEK-CATHOLIC DIOCESE OF ORADEA-MARE (1941-1945)
 
This paper aims to illustrate a difficult period in the history of the Romanian Church United with Rome, namely: those years in which Bishop Valeriu Frențiu was forced to leave the episcopal residence, and the apostolic administration of the Greek-Catholic Diocese of Oradea-Mare was entrusted to Iuliu Hossu. Both the festive events in which the new administrator of the diocese took part and the canonical visitations he made will be illustrated. The efforts of Iuliu Hossu will be highlighted, who, despite the difficulties of those years, took all the necessary steps to be among the faithful as often as possible, visiting as many parishes as possible.
 
 
 
26. Veronica TURCUȘ
 
RELANSAREA INDUSTRIEI CINEMATOGRAFICE ROMÂNE ȘI PROPAGANDA ITALIANĂ (1942)
REVIVAL OF THE ROMANIAN CINEMATOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY AND ITALIAN PROPAGANDA (1942)
The present study, based on unpublished information discovered in the Italian archives, focuses on the reorganization and stimulation of the Romanian national film production in 1941-42, against the background of the need for war propaganda. Compared to the monopoly held in previous years by the German film industry, the orientation towards the Italian film industry and the abandonment of the exclusive privileged character of the relations with German cinema intervened from the beginning of 1942, due to the presence of the well-known Italianist Alexandru Marcu at the head of the Ministry of National Propaganda.
The details of the Italian-Romanian cinematographic agreements discussed in Bucharest on June 13-17, 1942, by an Italian delegation led by Eitel Monaco, the director of the General Directorate for Cinematography of the Ministry of Popular Culture in Rome and the representatives of the Romanian Ministry of National Propaganda are considered.
 
 
 
27. Antonio FAUR
DEPORTATION OF JEWS FROM ORADEA AND BIHOR COUNTY IN THE SPRING OF 1944
 
Following the Vienna Diktat (also known in historiography as the Second Vienna Arbitration) from August 30, 1940, the North-West region of Romania – named Northern Transylvania in the documents of that period – was ceded to Horthyst Hungary and remained under its administration for four years (September 1940 – October 1944). In that region, together with Romanians, Hungarians and others, there was also a significant minority of Jews who, regardless of being subject to the anti-Semite legislation, managed to survive. But in the spring of 1944, after the occupation of Hungary by the Wehrmacht (on March 19), a ghettoization and deportation operation to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp was unleashed against the Jews. On this occasion, over 131,000 Jews have been deported from Northern Transylvania. It was set up at Oradea the largest ghetto in the Hungary of that time, and in fact two ghettos were set up – one for the Jews from Oradea and the other one for the Jews living in the counties. Over 30,000 Jews have been deported from Oradea and the Northern part of Bihor County – both being under the Hungarian administration. The ghettoization and deportation actions were carried out under the German surveillance and counselling, but also with the government’s complicity and the involvement of central and local administrations coordinated by the Ministry of the Interior. The ghettoization and deportation of the Jews from Oradea and Transylvania took place in inhumane conditions. Over 85% of the deported Jews were killed in the German concentration camps. The hereby paper summarizes information on the ghettoization and deportation (with 9 trainsets) of Jews from the two ghettoes in Oradea, and the tenth transport of Jews who were deported after the dismantling of the ghettoes, but who were still on the territory of Bihor County. In all, over 30,000 Jews have been deported with the 10 trainsets. An element of interest is that of the boarding of Jews on the first train with deportees from the large Oradea ghetto, described by Béla Zsólt, a Jewish journalist and writer from the Oradea ghetto.
 
 
 
28. Cristian CULICIU
 
THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF ORADEA: DISCUSSIONS AND DEBATES, PLANS AND ACHIEVEMENTS (1972-1989)
 
In Eastern Europe, the communist period was about politics, propaganda, centralized economy, but also about urbanization. In all countries, including Romania, the urban system grew based on heavy industrialization and migration, especially from the countryside. All cities developed, new factories, housing, schools, hospitals, administrative and cultural buildings were erected, in order to satisfy most of the citizens’ needs. In Oradea things stood the same. In 1950s, the city was mostly rural, with neighborhoods of houses and streets of dirt, without minimal public services. In the 1970s and 1980s the city was rapidly urbanized, based on new needs and political and administrative desires and decisions.
In this paper we will see what the main discussions on the topic of urban systematization in Oradea in these years were, how the local administration was seeing urban development, what were the projects and the goals of this process, and what did local politicians say about how it was undergoing.
 
 
 
29. Roland OLAH
 
CONTRABANDĂ CU CAI. ASPECTE PRIVIND CRIMINALITATEA TRANSFRONTALIERĂ ÎN ZONA DE GRANIȚĂ ROMÂNO-MAGHIARĂ ÎN ANUL 1990
HORSE SMUGGLING. ASPECTS ON CROSS-BORDER CRIME IN THE ROMANIAN-HUNGARIAN BORDER AREA IN 1990
 
Following the regime change in December 1989, Romania’s borders were opened. Romanians, marked by the socio-political crises they have gone through in recent years and the harsh legal regime regarding external circulation, will take advantage and make many short external visits to the neighboring countries. Thus, an incipient form of cross-border trade will be developed, located in the grey area of the economy, which consists of the purchase of consumer goods and their resale in Romania. At the same time, illegal businesses are developing that are based on multiple violations of criminal law. In 1990, Hungarian border guards note the development of criminal networks concerned with human trafficking or live animal smuggling. Their emergence was favored by the legislative changes taking place following the regime changes in Romania and Hungary.
 
 
 
MUZEOGRAFIE / MUZEOGRAPHY
 
 
30. Doina-Gabriela ANANIE
 
ATELIERUL FOTOGRAFIC AL FRAȚILOR ABDULLAH (ABDULLAH FRÈRES)
ABDULLAH BROTHERS’ PHOTOGRAPHIC WORKSHOP
 
Abdullah Brothers’ photographic workshop opened in Constantinople (Istanbul), due to the three brothers hard work and cooperation, after just six years from the opening, won the sultan Abdul Aziz recognition of Imperial photographers. Made in the studios in Pera and Cairo subsidiary, or outside, their images proved that they were masters of portraits and outdoor panoramas.
 
 
 
31. SZAMOS Mariann
 
COLECȚIA MUZEULUI MEMORIAL „ADY ENDRE” DIN ORADEA
THE COLLECTION OF THE “ADY ENDRE” MEMORIAL MUSEUM IN ORADEA
 
During a period of 65 years of function, the “Ady Endre” Memorial Museum has passed through significant changes. Last time such major changes were affected was in 2019 when its permanent exhibition was renewed. Since its first opening on November 26, 1955, the museum’s grand reopening on February 28, 2020, welcomed the public with a modern and interactive exhibition which focuses on the great poet’s connections to the city of Oradea shown by the collection of the institution.
This paper aims to offer an overall analysis of the collection of the memorial museum from the very beginnings until the year 2020. This analysis is based on the documented activities of its museologists and is structured according to the main functions of a museum: conservation, valorization and research. The info presents the management – the documentation, conservation and storage, as well as the development, and finally, the research and valorization of the collection.
 
 
 
32. Corina POP
 
DEPOZITUL DE CARTE VECHE ȘI DOCUMENTE AL SECȚIEI DE ISTORIE A MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR – COMPLEX MUZEAL. ORGANIZARE ȘI FUNCȚIONARE
 
THE OLD BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS DEPOSIT OF THE HISTORY SECTION OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM – MUSEUM COMPLEX. THE ORGANISING AND FUNCTIONING
 
Organizing the Țării Crișurilor Museum in its new headquarters, during the last decade and a half, meant, along with moving all its patrimony in another building and creating new exhibitions, the planning of new deposits. Each section of the Museum has its own deposits, that need to correspond to standards imposed by law and regulations. The History section has deposits for documents and for tridimensional objects, located in the main building of the museum. In this paper we will focus on the documents deposit, showing how it is organized and what are the main categories of objects that it hosts.
 
 
 
33. Florina CIURE
 
DIGITALIZAREA, CA MODALITATE DE PROTEJARE ȘI PROMOVARE A COLECȚIILOR MUZEALE
 

DIGITALIZATION, A WAY TO PROTECT AND PROMOTE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS

The digitalization of cultural goods, understood as the digital reproduction of works and their dissemination on the network, for the purpose of digital communication in a museum context, is a nationally expanding phenomenon, widely used internationally. To digitize museum collections, it is necessary to purchase equipment for scanning, as well as collaborate with institutions authorized to provide assistance in the use of programs and the preparation of metadata, to make it accessible to the public. By digitizing the museum collections, it would facilitate the knowledge of interesting information about the museum’s patrimony, for the benefit of researchers. Once in a digital library, a book or a manuscript has the possibility to be consulted by anyone at any time. As for the original version, it can remain kept in optimal condition, without the risk of degradation by its frequent use by researchers or other interested persons. Digitalization would ensure a better promotion of local values, a better dissemination of information and a superior use, at national and international level, of museum collections.
 
 
RECENZII / BOOK REVIEWS
 
1. Gabriel Moisa, Un secol de politică. Incursiune în istoria Partidului Național Liberal din Bihor între 1920-2020, Editura Muzeului Țării Crișurilor, Oradea, 2021, 303 p. (Cristian Culiciu) – text complet / full text
2. Vlad Capotescu, Automobile în Timișoara interbelică, ediția a IV-a, Editura Waldpress, Timișoara, 2022, 267 p. (Ronald Hochhauser) – text complet / full text
3. Antonio Faur, Ghetoul din Oradea (1944). O scurtă istorie, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2022, 302 p. (Diana Iancu) – text complet / full text
4. Sorin Șipoș, Cosmin Patca, Ioana Blajec, Cuzap: Album istorico-geografic, fotografii Florin Șipoș, Editura Ratio et Revelatio, Oradea, 2020, 112 p. (Iulia Medveschi) – text complet / full text