Crisia 2024

STUDII ȘI ARTICOLE / STUDIES AND ARTICLES

1. Gruia FAZECAȘ

THE STATE OF RESEARCH ON THE NEOLITHIC AND COPPER AGE IN THE UPPER AND MIDDLE CRIȘUL NEGRU RIVER BASIN

It is our hope that this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the discoveries of Neolithic and Copper Age sites in the upper and middle basin of the Crișul Negru River. We recognize that there has been a gap in the collation of archaeological information in the Bihor County and the area considered in this study since 1974. Our aim is to provide a valuable update and repertoire of these sites and findings.

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2. KATÓCZ Zoltán, Gruia FAZECAȘ, Liviu MARTA, Dan POP

WHAT KIND OF HOUSE HAS NO ROOF? ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA ABOUT THE NIR CULTURE ROOF MODELS

The aim of this study is to bring together all the available data on the roof models unearthed in north-western Romania and attributed to the Nir culture. The following archaeological data we are about to present is a summary of all the information known at the present stage of research on this subject. The archaeological significance of this artefact type lies in the fact that it is a miniature representation of a building element (the roof), which is almost impossible to detect during archaeological investigations. Over the years, roof models have been mentioned several times in the literature, but in most cases little attention has been paid to their detailed presentation. Therefore, we considered it important to carry out a study that would include all the existing archaeological data on these finds’ characteristic of the Nir culture.

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3. Florin GOGÂLTAN, Gruia FAZECAȘ, Andrea DEMJÉN, Florin SFENGEU, KATÓCZ Zoltán, FECHETE-PORSZTNER Kitti

SYSTEMATIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE SÂNTION – MOVILA MĂNĂSTIRII/KOLOSTORDOMB SITE, BORȘ COMMUNE, BIHOR COUNTY. 2023 CAMPAIGN

Following archaeological surveys conducted in 1954, 2015-2017, and 2022, systematic archaeological research was initiated in 2023 at the Bronze Age tell and the medieval monastery of Sântion – Movila Mănăstirii/Kolostordomb. In the 2023 campaign, a new research unit, designated S 3, was established, and excavation activities were continued in the S 2 unit, which had been previously initiated in 2015 but not completed. In S 2, the current level of trampling is 3.42 meters below the present surface. A total of 45 main archaeological contexts were identified. The initial four contexts (Cxt. 1-4) are associated with the medieval monastery. The earliest Bronze Age level, which has remained undisturbed by subsequent modifications, is Cxt. 5, while the final context is Cxt. 44. The Bronze Age stratigraphic accumulations reach a depth of 2.62 meters (Fig. 4). The absolute dates are placed between 1892-1631 cal BC 2σ (95.4%), which corresponds to second period of the Otomani ceramic style. In the 2023 archaeological campaign, the foundation of a two-room building with a west-east orientation was identified. This structure was part of the south wing of the monastery (Fig. 6). The building was equipped with approximately three or four rooms, each with a heating stove. Based on the thickness of the foundations, it is plausible that the structure had a second floor. After its dismantling, which occurred at some point during the mid-16th century, the area was leveled with a substantial layer of rubble, and rooms with brick floors were constructed (Fig. 5). The family monastery was constructed before 1215, as documented in written sources, and its existence persisted throughout the Middle Ages until its disappearance at the end of the 16th century. Previous observations indicating that the monastery underwent at least two major phases of construction in the area under investigation, and probably several other redevelopments, were confirmed.

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4. Alexandra GĂVAN, Marian-Adrian LIE, Tobias L. KIENLIN

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE 2022 AND 2023 EXCAVATION SEASONS AT TOBOLIU

This paper presents the preliminary results of the 2022 and 2023 excavation seasons at the Bronze Age tell-based settlement of Toboliu (Bihor County, Romania). The fieldwork was carried out within the framework of an interdisciplinary research project that aims to determine the stratigraphy, chronology, and subsistence practices of the outer settlement surrounding the Toboliu tell, in order to fully explore the diachronic spatial, chronological, and socio-economic trajectories of this complex site. To accomplish these goals, excavations targeting houses and households in the off-tell area of Toboliu were conducted between 2021 and 2023. During the 2022 and 2023 excavation seasons, a sequence of burnt houses was investigated in Trenches 6 and 7, located approximately 190m ENE of the tell centre. The aim of the present paper is to provide a brief overview of the results of these excavations and the main features uncovered.

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5. KATÓCZ Zoltán, FECHETE-PORSZTNER Kitti, Doru MARTA, Gruia FAZECAȘ

UN VECHI PORT VAMAL PE VALEA CRIȘULUI REPEDE. REZULTATELE CERCETĂRILOR ARHEOLOGICE EFECTUATE LA VADU CRIȘULUI – PEȘTERA CASA ZMĂULUI, JUD. BIHOR

AN OLD CUSTOMS PORT IN THE CRIȘUL REPEDE VALLEY. RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH CARRIED OUT AT VADU CRIȘULUI – CASA ZMĂULUI CAVE, BIHOR COUNTY

The present study is a short summary of the archaeological research conducted from February 5-16, 2024, at the Casa Zmăului cave. As part of an investment project for the rehabilitation of the railroad, a long-awaited opportunity was provided to conduct the first archaeological excavation at this point. One of the most important trade routes, providing a direct connection between Transylvania and Pannonia, used to pass here. Nowadays only the ruins of a stone building (observation tower) are a reminder of the historical importance of the area. Medieval documents confirm that the customs port came into the possession of the clerics of Oradea at the end of the 11th century, and then it is mentioned several times in the second half of the 13th century, in connection with conflicts over the division and donation of feudal holdings.

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6. Gizella NEMETH, Adriano PAPO

LE “VIRTÙ MILITARI” DI PIPPO SPANO (FILIPPO SCOLARI), CONDOTTIERO FIORENTINO AL SERVIZIO DELL’IMPERATORE SIGISMONDO NEI BALCANI, IN FRIULI E NELLA CECHIA

THE “MILITARY VIRTUES” OF PIPPO SPANO (FILIPPO SCOLARI), A FLORENTINE LEADER IN THE SERVICE OF EMPEROR SIGISMUND IN THE BALKANS, FRIULI AND CZECHIA

Filippo Scolari (1369-1426), also known as Pippo Spano (Ozorai Pipo in Hungary), from a Florentine merchant-apprentice quickly became one of the most trusted and intimate advisors of King Sigismund of Luxembourg and had a rapid and brilliant administrative, political and above all military career. He was the administrator of the gold and salt mines of Hungary and the supreme treasurer of the kingdom, he was governor (ispán) of eight important counties, he was ban of Szörény (Severin), but above all he was a great and famous military leader. In general, historians have appreciated the genius and military virtues, the heroism and charism of Filippo Scolari in front of his soldiers and the enemy. Filippo personally taught his soldiers not only military techniques and strategies, but also how to behave in and out of battlefield. However, he was a military leader in line with his times: opportunistic, cunning, conceited, cynical and very often even cruel. Filippo Scolari began his military career fighting in Bosnia in various campaigns against the Bosnian rebels. However, he is above all remembered in history as “the bogeyman of the Turks”, against whom he achieved numerous victories, eighteen or twenty-three according to his biographers, even if in reality they were never memorable battles. His first campaign against the Ottomans (1409) had the merit of holding back their incursions into Hungarian territories for a good ten years. Certainly his campaigns against the Venetians in the years 1411-13 were more important and all in all victorious, even if they gave rise to some suspicion of treason and corruption. On the other hand, his two campaigns against the Hussites in Czechia in 1420-22 were unfavorable. One of Filippo Scolari’s greatest merits, however, has been his contribution to the construction of the defensive system along the southern border of the Kingdom of Hungary.

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7. Ioan-Aurel POP, Alexandru SIMON

ÎNTRE JAGIELLONI, HABSBURGI, ROMA ȘI CONSTANTINOPOL: „LOCUL CREȘTIN” AL LUI ȘTEFAN CEL MARE LA TRECEREA DINTRE VEACURILE XV ȘI XVI

BETWEEN JAGIELLONIANS, HABSBURGS, ROME AND CONSTANTINOPLE: THE “CHRISTIAN PLACE” OF STEPHEN THE GREAT AT THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 16TH CENTURY

The – largely – successful anti-Jagiellonian “conspiracy” of Maximilian I of Habsburg and Stephen III the Great of Moldavia (1497) was followed by the counter-offensive of the House that had Krakow as its cradle (and Buda as its main token of power). Focusing chiefly on the crusader talks and projects that ensued due to the outbreak of the new war (1499-1503) between the Ottoman Empire and Venice, the traditional protector of Stephen III, the paper explores the impact of this (Christian) counter-offensive in terms of political and ethnical identity, both in the short-run and in the long term (after Stephen III’s death in 1504 and Hungarian crisis of 1505-1506), with special emphasis on the medieval Romanians.

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8. Augustin ȚĂRĂU

REPERE ALE EVOLUȚIEI ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNTULUI JURIDIC SUPERIOR ÎN ORADEA ȘI CLUJ, DIN EPOCA MEDIEVALĂ PÂNĂ ÎN CEA CONTEMPORANĂ – PREMISE, OPORTUNITĂȚI ȘI INTERESE POLITICE –

ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE HIGHER LAW EDUCATION IN ORADEA AND CLUJ, FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO CONTEMPORARITY – PREMISES, OPPORTUNITIES AND POLITICAL INTERESTS –

In the present study, we set out to briefly reconstruct the evolution of university law education in Hungary, emphasizing its development in the cities of Oradea and Cluj. In this sense, we mention that the city of Oradea benefited from a “Capitular” School since the 13th century, which became flourishing in the 16th century. We also point out that the city of Oradea applied with the city of Bratislava for the establishment of a university, under the rule of King Matia Corvinus, the capital of Moravia qualifying only thanks to a philanthropic merchant who promised the king the financing of all the activities of the future university. After the establishment of the Habsburg regime in Hungary and Transylvania, the Teresian Academy of Law was established in the city of Oradea, while in Cluj only a law department was established at the Piarist High School. In the 18th century, however, the city of Cluj was transformed by the Hungarian intelligentsia into a fortress of Hungarian culture, through the establishment of the University, and the city of Oradea lagged behind in this regard. After the creation of Greater Romania, the Romanian intelligentsia took over the idea from the Hungarians and set out to transform Cluj into a center of Romanian culture, from where to radiate Romanian science to all corners of Transylvania. In this context, the Law Academy from Oradea is moved to Cluj.

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9. Yusuf HEPER, Adrian TERTECEL

NOI DOCUMENTE TURCEȘTI. PREGĂTIREA CAMPANIEI MILITARE OTOMANE DIN ANUL 1595 ÎMPOTRIVA ȚĂRII ROMÂNEȘTI

NEW TURKISH DOCUMENTS. THE PREPARATION OF THE OTTOMAN MILITARY CAMPAIGN AGAINST WALLACHIA (1595)

In 1593, a long and difficult war began between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire. Historians call it “The Long War” (1593-1606). This war was started by the Ottoman Sultan Murad III (1574-1595) at the insistence of the grand vizier Koca Sinan Pașa. It was fought mostly on the nowadays territory of Hungary. During this war, every year, military campaigns and sieges of fortresses took place. On 9/19 July 1593, the Ottoman army led by Sinan Pasha set off from Istanbul towards Hungary. Thus began the first stage of this Austrian-Ottoman war. Meanwhile on 2/12 September 1593, the Ottoman Sultan appointed Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul) as the ruling prince of Wallachia. Michael the Brave ruled Wallachia for eight years (1593-1601). Taking advantage of the above-mentioned Austrian-Ottoman war, on 13/23 November 1594, the Romanian Principalities all together rebelled against the Ottoman Empire. It was totally unexpected and it put the Ottomans in a very difficult situation. The Ottoman government decided to change the juridical status of Wallachia (Eflak) and Moldavia. These two Romanian Principalities were to be transformed into ordinary Ottoman provinces. An Ottoman governor was appointed to Wallachia and another one to Moldavia. The Sultan had appointed Ferhad Pasha as commander-in-chief of the forthcoming great military campaign against Wallachia. On 17/27 April 1595, the Ottoman army led by the grand vizier Ferhad Pasha set off from Istanbul towards Wallachia. During the months of March-June 1595, the above-mentioned Ottoman preparations for the great military campaign against Wallachia continued at great speed. But on 27 June/7 July 1595, the Sultan dismissed the grand vizier Ferhad Pasha. On the same day, Sinan Pasha became again grand vizier. Afterwards, the Ottoman military campaign against Wallachia (August-October 1595) was led by Sinan Pasha.

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10. Laura ARDELEAN, Iulia VAISĂRHOFER

ÎNSEMNĂRI ÎN CRONICI OTOMANE DE SECOLELE XVI-XVII PRIVIND CETATEA ORADEA ȘI ÎMPREJURIMILE. ABORDARE ISTORIOGRAFICĂ CANTITATIV-CALITATIVĂ

NOTES IN OTTOMAN CHRONICLES FROM 16th-17th CENTURIES REGARDING THE FORTRESS OF ORADEA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. QUANTITATIVE-QUALITATIVE HISTORIOGRAHICAL APPROACH

This study investigates the strategic and cultural significance of the fortress of Oradea, as described in 16th and 17th-century Ottoman chronicles, focusing on the 1598 siege and the Ottoman conquest of 1660, which established Oradea as an administrative center. Using a quantitative and qualitative historiographical approach, we analyze the perspectives of Ottoman chroniclers who consistently depicted Oradea as a major military and economic stronghold essential to Ottoman expansion into Central Europe. The chronicles reveal the fortress as a symbol of Christian resistance, heavily fortified and economically flourishing, and illustrate the Ottoman efforts to integrate Oradea into their empire, emphasizing both military and cultural dominance. The analysis highlights Oradea’s enduring strategic value for the Ottoman Empire.

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11. Florina CIURE

ORADEA ÎN „OGLINDA” VENEȚIANĂ (SEC. XVII)

ORADEA IN THE VENETIAN “MIRROR” (17TH CENTURY)

The article aims to present the way in which the realities of this part of Europe were perceived in Venice. Information about Oradea can be found in the accounts of Venetian travellers, sometimes in the service of the Transylvanian princes, in the reports or “notices” sent to the Venetian authorities by the ambassadors of the Serenissima, as well as in some books printed in the lagoon city. The Venetians knew the strategic importance of the city and its fortress, its cathedral, they had information about its inhabitants, as well as about the political events that influenced its destiny. Despite some inevitable inaccuracies, overall, it can be stated that the Venetian “mirror” truthfully reflects the realities from Oradea in the 17th century and that the image that the Venetians formed about the people of Oradea was close to the truth and relatively complete, because it resulted from the continuous flow of information received in the lagoon city on different ways.

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12. Sorin ȘIPOȘ

BELIEFS, CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF ROMANIANS IN THE PRINCIPALITY RECORDED BY FOREIGN TRAVELERS (1710-1810)

The study explores the beliefs, customs, and traditions of Romanians in the Principalities as recorded by foreign travelers between 1710 and 1810. This period marked was marked by heightened Western interest in Eastern Europe, driven by economic, cultural, and political exchanges. The research examines how these travelers documented Romanian Orthodox practices, which often appeared foreign or confusing to them due to their differing religious backgrounds. The accounts reveal a complex interplay of admiration and critique, reflecting the travelers’ own biases and preconceived notions about Eastern cultures. The methodology employed involves a qualitative analysis of travel narratives, focusing on the intellectual formation of the travelers, their motivations for visiting, and the duration of their stay in the Principalities. This approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how these factors influenced their perceptions of Romanian customs and traditions. While many travelers expressed curiosity about the local practices, their interpretations were frequently clouded by stereotypes and misunderstandings regarding Orthodox Christianity. The study indicates that foreign travelers often viewed Romanian religious practices as peculiar or even primitive compared to their own traditions. For instance, the veneration of icons and the observance of long fasts were seen as signs of a superficial faith. Travelers noted that many Romanians lacked a comprehensive understanding of Christian doctrine, attributing this to a lack of education among both clergy and laity. However, it was also observed that educated elites demonstrated a more profound engagement with their faith. This research contributes to a broader understanding of Romanian identity during a period of political fragmentation and cultural transition. It underscores how external perceptions shaped historical narratives about Romanian customs and traditions while revealing the complexities inherent in cross-cultural encounters.

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13. Ioan CIORBA

MARELE INCENDIU DIN VARA ANULUI 1836 ȘI IMPLICAȚIILE SALE ASUPRA ISTORIEI ORAȘULUI ORADEA

THE GREAT FIRE OF THE SUMMER OF 1836 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF ORADEA

A terrible fire affected a good part of the city of Oradea between June 19-21, 1836. The flames then reached an impressive number of administrative buildings, churches, production units, households and their annexes, etc. The destruction was so extensive that the city needed several years to rebuild. To collect the necessary funds, requests for help were made in other places in Transylvania, in Serbia, etc. At the same time, the fire remained deeply fixed in the memory of many of its witnesses. Many people will continue to relate to it even after many decades. In parallel, he gave the possibility to the administration of the city of Oradea to think of new urban plans, but also to take necessary measures to prevent the outbreak of new fires.

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14. Iulia VAISĂRHOFER

POEZIA PAȘOPTISTĂ ÎN SLUJBA IDEALULUI NAȚIONAL

PASHOPTIST POETRY IN THE SERVICE OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL

An essential component of the historiographical picture in the Romanian space in the middle of the 19th century is the poetry with a historical and national character written under the sign of Pashoptist thinking. From this perspective, the present study aims to highlight, through a few concise examples, how the proposed poetry, along with the other historical writings of the Pashoptists, served the struggle for the fulfillment of the national ideal: the Union. Under this lens, it is easy to understand the reasons why the authors of the poem from 1848 addressed themes related to the Romanians’ national past. Of course, the repertoire of Pashoptist poems is a comprehensive one, which is why in this work, we aimed to highlight the way in which one of the favorite themes of Pashoptist historiography – the Romanian Middle Ages, was reflected in the verses of the poems signed by several representatives of the Pashoptism section in the Romanian space: Alecu Russo, Dimitrie Bolintineanu, Vasile Alecsandri, Vasile Cârlova, Grigore Alexandrescu, among others.

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15. Radu ROMÎNAȘU

EVALUĂRI, REEVALUĂRI ȘI REINTERPRETĂRI REFERITOARE LA FENOMENUL ASOCIAȚIONIST CULTURAL ROMÂNESC DIN BIHOR (1848-1940)

ASSESSMENTS, REASSESSMENTS AND REINTERPRETATIONS REGARDING THE OF THE ROMANIAN CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONIST PHENOMENON FROM BIHOR (1848-1940)

The study of Romanian cultural associationism in Bihor, between 1848 and 1940, highlights the impact of this phenomenon on national identity and social modernization. Associationism was a response to the cultural and educational needs of the community, promoting values such as democracy, national identity and social progress. Before the Great Union, it went through two phases: the cultural phase (until 1860) focused on cultural activities and the modernization phase (after 1860) dominated by the integration of social and political issues. After the Great Union, cultural associationism continued to be an essential tool for strengthening national unity through culture. It was crucial for the integration of the peasant masses into the modernization process, with combating illiteracy and educational progress as its main objectives. Thus, cultural associationism in Bihor played a vital role in developing a strong Romanian national identity and promoting social progress in the context of a multiethnic society.

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16. Mircea-Gheorghe ABRUDAN

ANDREI ȘAGUNA ȘI JÓZSEF EÖTVÖS, O AMICIȚIE DE O VIAȚĂ

ANDREI ȘAGUNA AND JÓZSEF EÖTVÖS, A LIFELONG FRIENDSHIP

The year 2023 marked the 150th anniversary of the passing into eternity of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan Andrei Baron of Saguna and the 210th anniversary of the birth of the Hungarian baron and minister József Eötvös, one of the founding fathers of modern Hungary. The two were colleagues at the Faculty of Law of the University of Pest, respected and cherished each other all their lives, renewin their collaboration after 1867, when Eötvös was appointed Minister of Religious Affairs and Public Instruction in the Hungarian government in Budapest. In this round commemorative context, this study aims to offer a re-reading of their relationship and to bring it back to the attention of Romanian and Hungarian historians, given that their posterity and resonance in Romanian and Hungarian historiography and society today are different. While Andrei Șaguna enjoys wide renown among Romanians, his popularity being amplified by his canonization by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 2011, József Eötvös has suffered a fall into oblivion, which is not due to a damnatio memoriae orchestrated by someone, but, paradoxically, to the good name of his son, the physicist Loránd Eötvös (1848-1919), internationally known for his work on gravity and the tension of the earth’s crust, whose name is fixed in the Hungarian pantheon by a number of academic institutions which bear his name.

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17. Dumitru NOANE

ORADEA (OCTOMBRIE 1918 – MAI 1919). SPERANȚĂ – JERTFĂ – CREDINȚĂ ÎN IZBÂNDĂ

ORADEA (OCTOBER 1918 – MAY 1919). HOPE – SACRIFICE – BELIEF IN SUCCESS

The year 1918 was considered the astral year of the Romanian’s history, being the year of the national intercession – which encompassed almost the entire Romanian being and feeling –, confirmed by the international treaties concluded during the Paris Peace Conference. The people of the historical territories of the neighboring empires, through their leaders, had taken the lead over the diplomacy and decisions of the greatest politicians of the time by consecrating their will in the acts of union adopted on March 27, November 28 and December 1, 1918. Although the will of the Romanians of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș had become a historical decision – adopted at the Great National Assembly in Alba Iulia –, on 1 December 1918, in order to be implemented for those of Banat and Crișana, months had to pass, as they still had to face the hostility of the neighboring Serbian and Hungarian peoples, who wanted to include these provinces within the borders of their national states. For the Romanians of Crișana months of repressions from the central and local authorities of the Hungarian state followed, which, despite belonging to different political orientations – from the right to the extreme left – had the same goal: to keep Crișana at least within the borders of Hungary and to establish the border on the Apuseni ridges. They were prosecuted and persecuted to the point of execution for treason, especially those who were at the Great Union, but also people who had the courage to openly declare their desire for the union. The regime changes and especially the installation of Béla Kun’s Bolshevik regime maintained a state of terror that generated – in the end, out of desperation – even among the moderate representatives of the local authorities, the desire to call in the Romanian Army more quickly to ensure the protection of the city and its citizens. The final act that guaranteed the belonging of Oradea and Bihor to Greater Romania was the visit of the royal family on May 23, 1919. The royal tour began in Oradea also as a recognition of the extra sacrifice of the Romanians from here.

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18. Veronica TURCUȘ

ALEXANDRU MARCU ȘI REVISTELE CULTURALE ORĂDENE ÎN CONTEXTUL POLITICII ȘI PROPAGANDEI CULTURALE ROMÂNEȘTI LA GRANIȚA DE VEST

ALEXANDRU MARCU AND THE CULTURAL MAGAZINES FROM ORADEA IN THE CONTEXT OF ROMANIAN CULTURAL POLITICS AND PROPAGANDA ON THE WESTERN BORDER

The present study focuses on the cultural-propagandist activity of the Italianist Alexandru Marcu, as it appears from the pages of the interwar periodicals from Oradea, Cele Trei Crișuri and Familia, magazines that then continued to appear in Bucharest after the alienation of Northern Transylvania, in 1940. The materials with which Al. Marcu contributed to the two publications, their importance in the framework of bilateral cultural and political relations are highlighted, but also the references regarding his activity present in the pages of the aforementioned magazines, with an emphasis on two relevant moments in the propaganda program of the Cele Trei Crișuri periodical: the publication, in 1936, in the pages of the magazine of the Pro Italia manifesto, which represented a concrete rallying of a part of the Romanian intelligentsia to Mussolini’s policy in Abyssinia and highlighting the activity of professor Al. Marcu, in 1939, at the Ministry of Labour, within the “Work and Good Cheer” Service.

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19. Florin ARDELEAN

LUCRUL BINE FĂCUT. FAMILIA, SERIA A III-A (1934-1940)

A JOB WELL DONE. FAMILIA, SERIES III (1934-1940)

The third series of “Familia” magazine, published between 1934-1940 under the direction of Mihai G. Samarineanu was the most valuable of the interwar period. The magazine excelled with a very careful and well put together program. Octav Șuluțiu stood out for his value. Also worth mentioning is the essay section and philosophy sections. The biggest names in Romanian philosophy have published texts in “Familia”, including Constantin Noica, Emil Cioran, Mircea Vulcănescu, Iosif Brucăr and Petre Comarnescu. Literary creation was of high value, with poetry, prose and poetry by playwrights of national importance: George Bacovia, Ion Minulescu, Ion Pillat, Eugen Jebeleanu, Lucian Blaga, Radu Gyr, Ion Agârbiceanu, Cezar Petrescu, Panait Istrati, Eugen Ionescu, Victor Eftimiu. The third series of the “Familia” Review had an echo in the high cultural life of Romania between the two world wars, enjoying prestige and a good reception among the reading public.

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20. Șerban TURCUȘ

UN EPISOD DIN FASCIZAREA UNIVERSITĂȚII MAGHIARE DIN CLUJ DUPĂ DICTATUL DE LA VIENA: CAZUL MINISTRULUI ITALIAN GIUSEPPE BOTTAI

AN EPISODE FROM THE FASCISTIZATION OF THE HUNGARIAN UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ AFTER THE VIENNA DICTATE: THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN MINISTER GIUSEPPE BOTTAI

In this study is analyzed the case of awarding the title of Doctor Honoris Causa to the fascist minister of education in Italy, Giuseppe Bottai. The title was awarded by the new Hungarian university in Cluj as thanks for the help of Fascist Italy in breaking Transylvania in two and annexing a part to Hungary because of the Vienna Dictate. The decision was seen in Bucharest, by the Antonescu government, as an affront to Romania’s contribution to the Tripartite alliance. The Italian minister in Bucharest, Renato Bova-Scoppa, in the discussions he had with the Romanian government on this topic, stated that everything that is happening is the result of Hungarian loyalty to the revisionist policy and that, eventually, at the end of the war it will be seen whether Romania will get back what territorially was lost before.

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21. Antonio FAUR

UN TEXT MONOGRAFIC INEDIT DESPRE COLONIA ROMÂNĂ DIN COMUNA GHIORAC (1941)

A NEW MONOGRAPHIC TEXT ABOUT THE ROMANIAN COLONY FROM THE MUNICIPALITY OF GHIORAC (1941)

During the years of the second World War, by order of the government, the local rural intellectual elites, from certain villages of the southern part of Bihor county (under Romanian administration) wrote monographic texts of new Romanian villages or neighborhoods, located in communes with a Hungarian etnic majority. This is also the case the Romanian colony in the village of Ghiorac, located at 16 kilometers to the city of Salonta, appeared as a consequence of the 1921 Agrarian Reform in Romania (1921). The text, written by two local teachers, Teodor Băican and Maria Opriș, offers us a great diversity of information regarding the foundation moment of the colony, in the early 20s, as well as its evolution over time, till 1941. We have focused our attention on this occasion on some aspects that we considered significant: the penetration of the new into the local community and the reaction of Romanians and Hungarians to these urban influences, and the occupations that they embraced, apart from agriculture, and that are related to modernity and especially good report between the two ethnic communities, despite the political context at the time (the world war and the Second Vienna Award).

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22. Gabriel MOISA

BETWEEN POLITICS AND SCIENCE. SOLOMON ȘTIRBU: PROLETARIANISM IN THE SIGN OF TUDOR VLADIMIRESCU’S REVOLUTION

Solomon Știrbu was an interesting figure of the Romanian proletarian historiography, being at the same time a useful companion of the communists as a member of the National People’s Party. Little known today, he played an important role for several years in the destiny of Romanian historiography, being involved in strongly ideologized historiographical areas. One of them was related to the organization of the new museum in Oradea in 1947-1948. Thus, Solomon Știrbu was actively involved in the organization of the new museum institution in Oradea in the image and likeness of the people’s regime in Bucharest. Shortly after his arrival in Oradea, in October 1947, he hastily organized a temporary exhibition dedicated to “The 30th anniversary of the Great Socialist Revolution of October”, thus wishing to demonstrate its ideological effectiveness. The following year meant his consecration as a “curator”, being the one under whose auspices the “Petőfi-Bălcescu” Regional Museum from Oradea was completed. His historiographical valences were best displayed in the context of the dispute over the character of the 1821 revolution led by Tudor Vladimirescu, in which he positioned himself, of course, in the interpretative style of Mihail Roller. This paper captures the main marks of his professional and historiographical destiny, implicitly those related to his involvement in the historiographical dispute related to Tudor Vladimirescu’s revolution, which took place in the mid-1950s. Solomon Știrbu stood in the interpretative group of Mihail Roller, that opposed the one that revolved around the historian Andrei Oțetea.

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23. Cristian CULICIU

ASPECTS ON THE URBANIZATION OF BIHOR COUNTY IN THE COMMUNIST PERIOD (II): MARGHITA AND SALONTA

Urban development in the communist period is a vast subject, researched by many scholars from all over the World. During that time, after WWII and till 1989-1991, Eastern European cities were developed by massive industrialization, the regime’s policy aiming to uniformize urban living. This happened also in Romania and Bihor County. Besides Oradea, which was the county’s capital, other cities were developed and grew, and also new towns were created, even from scratch. In this paper we will see the case of a commune transformed into a city (Marghita) and that of an existing city in the beginning of the communist period, that also grew, Salonta, aiming at specific urban developments, industrialization, housing and public services.

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24. Francesco LEONCINI

PARABOLA VENEZIANA. DALL’AZZARDO DI SAN GIORGIO AL PALCOSCENICO SULLA LAGUNA

VENETIAN PARABLE: FROM THE CULTURAL ACTIVITIES BY THE CINI FOUNDATION TO THE TOWN LIKE A LUNA PARK

The article intends to present a series of initiatives that developed in Venice between the 1960s and 1970s and made it a cultural hub of international level. An important role was played by the Giorgio Cini Foundation, the Marciana National Library, the local headquarters of UNESCO, the Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia in Rome, the Center for Economic and Social Studies (Ceses) in Milan, but very significant was the activity of a group of university students and young graduates who intended to give a new dimension to the city. There was a connection with the Société Européenne de Culture, founded in Palazzo Ducale in 1950 by highly restigious intellectuals from many European countries. It intended to overcome, through cultural commitment, the fracture that had been created on the Continent following the beginning of the “cold war” and played a very significant role until the fall of the Berlin Wall. Even today it is active in promoting cultural integration between Western Europe, the countries of Central Europe and Russia despite the new serious tensions. In the meantime, the dramatic events of November 4, 1966, with the sudden “high water” almost two meters high, exposed the serious fragilities of the urban system and the need for urgent interventions to safeguard the city. The difficulties in finding solutions and the progressive exodus of the inhabitants, which can be configured in terms of “expulsion”, due, as in other historical realities in Italy and elsewhere, to the prevalence of real estate interests, led to a progressive impoverishment of society and, in the opposite direction, to an increasingly massive form of tourist presence.

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25. Mario STÂNGACIU

THE MIGRATION OF ROMANIAN DOCTORS TO ITALY – A REMARKABLE COMPONENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL INTERNATIONALISATION PHENOMENON

Romanian intellectuals in Italy, specialists and top professionals, some of whom arrived in the country as students, graduates, or after having acquired a certain amount of work experience, are employed in the Italian public and private sectors. The most relevant component of the migration of Romanian elites to Italy is the mobility of general medical practitioners, pharmacists, therapists, dentists, radiologists, nutritionists, or licensed nurses, established in Italy for the long term or permanently, or sometimes engaged in temporary circulatory migration on the Italian Peninsula, or finding themselves in transit towards other European or non-European countries (Spain, France, Germany, the USA, Kuwait, Sweden), or having returned to their country of origin after a certain time in order to exercise their profession there, usually in the private sector, thus setting out to invest and innovate in Romanian medicine.

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MUZEOGRAFIE / MUSEOGRAPHY

26. Tiberiu-Alexandru CIORBA

ACTIVITATEA SOCIETĂȚII DE ARHEOLOGIE ȘI ISTORIE DIN ORADEA REFLECTATĂ ÎN COLECȚIA DOCUMENTARĂ A MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR. DOSARUL CU NUMĂRUL DE INVENTAR 428

THE ACTIVITY OF THE SOCIETY OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ORADEA SEEN THROUGH THE DOCUMENTS OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM COLLECTIONS. FILE NUMBER 428

Among the many documents kept in the collections of the museum, there are a few examples that pertain to the history and evolution of the institution itself. Unique and interesting, they collectively serve to illustrate a facet of our own past and bring into discussion a fascinating topic regarding heritage, museography as a science and local culture. A lot of these „artifacts” have been neglected over the years, some even disappearing, but recent analysis of several files managed to uncover some of them. One such case is file number 428 that contains a selection of documents from the second part of the 19th century all the way into the 20th century. The main aim of this article is to establish a thematic and causal link between them and to provide an adequate study of the whole group as to better understand the historical context and the importance of the Society. As such, all of them have been organized into different subcategories depending on the contents and the overall purpose. A statistical and quantitative analysis will yield a significant improvement in the field of research and will give custodians a chance to recuperate lost data involving the provenance of some museum pieces.

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27. Doina-Gabriela ANANIE

ATELIERUL FOTOGRAFIC AUERBACH MIKSA

AUERBACH MIKSA’S PHOTOGRAPHIC WORKSHOP

Auerbach Miksa’s photographic workshop opened in Arad in 1860 and functioned until 1898. It produced mainly portraits. He worked together with other photographers. The collaboration with Lázár Letzter brought him the first recognition of its merits: the medal received at the International Exhibition from Viena in 1873. The lithographed cardboard used for photos, with the design and information about the workshop, it’s like a nowadays business card, only more sophisticated.

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28. Ronald HOCHHAUSER

RADIORECEPTOARE DIN COLECȚIA MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR ORADEA – COMPLEX MUZEAL. ASPECTE GENERALE

RADIO RECEIVERS IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM ORADEA – MUSEUM COMPLEX. GENERAL ASPECTS

This paper recommends, in a general framework, the collection of radio receivers in the inventory of the History Department of the Țării Crișurilor Museum Oradea – Museum Complex. At present it includes 23 cultural goods from 1950-1984, mostly of Romanian production. Fewer in number are the devices made in Germany (2), Hungary (2) and Bulgaria (1). One of the machines was made by an individual from Oradea with his own equipment. All the reference pieces entered the collection either by donation (21) or by acquisition (2). This series remains open, even if it does not have a precise orientation. Our work anticipates the publication of the collection catalogue entitled Radio receivers in the collections of the Țării Crișurilor Museum, which is currently in draft form.

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29. Cristina Liana PUȘCAȘ

CONCEPT EXPOZIȚIONAL DISCOTECA ANILOR ’70-’80 ÎN ORADEA

EXHIBITION CONCEPT FOR THE DISCOTHEQUES OF ORADEA IN THE ’70-’80s

In the gloomy and oppressive atmosphere generated by the repressive and restrictive policy of the Ceaușescu regime, the discotheques represented those small oases of freedom where young people could escape to live their youth. The question that obsessed us throughout our research was precisely this: “What did discotheques represent during the communist period?”. We tried to find an answer first by investigating the memory of the former DJs from Oradea, but also by using the few documentary sources available. There were three stages: gathering objects to constitute a collection; the documentation part on the field and in archives, respectively the realization of a permanent exhibition called “Discoteca anilor ’70-’80” [“The ’70-’80s Discotheque”] at the Oradea City Museum Section of the Țării Crișurilor Museum Oradea – Museum Complex.

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NOTE / CONSIDERATIONS

30. Silviu SANA

Lumini livrești la conferința națională de carte veche din Alba Iulia (6-7 iunie 2024)

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RECENZII / BOOK REVIEWS

31. Ioan Ciorba: Pr. Dr. Nicolae Dura, Dr. Ioan-Dorin Rus, Români de seamă din Viena de altădată: 1683-1918, Editura Andreiana, Sibiu, 2023

32. Blaga MIHOC: Viorica Flintașu, Cântecul Dorului Nesfârșit, Editura Muzeului Țării Crișurilor, Oradea, 2023

33. Cristian NEGRU: Augustin Țărău, Melania Țărău, Judecata ordalică: documente: „Registrul de la Oradea”, Editura Muzeului Țării Crișurilor, Oradea, 2023, 289 p.

34. Cristian NEGRU: Augustin Țărău, Procesul de desființare a proprietății agrare private în județele din nord vestul României (1945-1959), Editura Muzeului Țării Crișurilor, Oradea, 2024, 586 p.

35. Gruia FAZECAȘ: Victor Sava (ed.), Sub semnul apelor. Noi descoperiri arheologice în Câmpia joasă a Crișului Alb, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2024, 600 p.

36. Florina CIURE: Monografia satului Nimăiești din Țara Beiușului, coord. Vasile Citre, Marțian Lucan, Teodor Rif, Editura Primus, Oradea, 2024, 834 p.

37. Florina CIURE: Venezia 1968 – 2023. Tra innovazione culturale, regressione civile e riscatto sociale, a cura di Francesco Leoncini, il Mulino, Bologna, 2024, p. 284 p.

NECROLOG: Gianfranco GIRAUDO (1941-2024) (Gabriel MOISA, Sorin ȘIPOȘ)