Crisia 2022, Supliment nr. 1
150 de ani de muzeografie orădeană

STUDII ȘI ARTICOLE / STUDIES AND ARTICLES
 

1. Marian LIE, Cristina CORDOȘ

POSSIBLE FUNCTIONALITIES OF A BRONZE AGE CLAY OBJECT FROM TOBOLIU (BIHOR COUNTY)

The article is focused on the possible functionalities of a peculiar fragmentary clay object found in the outer
settlement of the Middle Bronze Age site from Toboliu Dâmbu Zănăcanului (Bihor County, Romania). The artefact was discovered on the freshly ploughed surface during a field campaign conducted in 2022, in an area located approx. 200 m north of the central mound. Its general aspect (shape, dimensions) suggests that it was potentially employed as a domestic tool. Its active side presents a series of punctured holes, which might have held some type of insertions. As such, the artifact probably resembled a brush or a curry comb. Arguably, it could have been used as a tool to decorate soft surfaces (potentially suitable for creating the so-called broom-stroke/Besenstrich pottery decoration. As well, it could have had a role in textile processing, used a hackling or carding implement.

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2. Gruia FAZECAȘ, DEMJÉN Andrea, Florin GOGÂLTAN

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ‟WAY OF THE WATER”. BRONZE- AND MIDDLE AGES SITE OF SÂNTION ‟DEALUL MĂNĂSTIRII”, BIHOR COUNTY

When we started the archaeological research in the Bronze Age tell settlement and Middle Ages Monastery
at Sântion, back in 2015, we paid special attention to landscape research near the site. During the documentary stage we encountered some remarks that indicated that the landscape around the site had changed radically over a few decades, which would underline the idea that the archaeological landscape from the Bronze Age it was quite different from what we see today. Subsequently we searched for the maps that allow to determine the extent of the changes in the Crișul Repede river course and to analyze the relation between the tell-settlement and Crișul Repede river. In 2022, after a period marked by financial shortages and the break forced by the COVID-19 epidemic, we managed to resume work on this site.

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3. Georgeta EL SUSI, MOLNÁR Zsolt

STUDIU ARHEOZOOLOGIC ASUPRA RESTURILOR DE FAUNĂ DE LA CAREI-BOBALD

ARCHEOZOOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM CAREI-BOBALD

The Middle Bronze Age Tell settlement from Carei-Bobald is well known in the archaeological literature. A first zooarchaeological study of the paleofauna from this site was published in 2002, the analyzed material contained 3376 fragments, collected between 1982-2002. The restarted archaeological excavation, in the period of 2010-2019 enriched the existing osteological collection with 7390 new fragments. The material belonging to the Otomani III phase, raised from 0-1,8 m depth, contained 5594 bones ranking to different archaeological layers (Tab. 1), 446 fragments found in the fill of various pits (Tab. 2) and 153 items gathered from other structures (Tab. 3). Of the 6193 bones classified as coming from the Otomani III period, 6058 fragments (97,82%) resulted being from mammals (97,82%) and 135 fragments belonged to other groups of animals (2,18%). The latter category contains musshels in a proportion of 1,92% and bone fragments belonging to birds, reptiles (turtles) and fish in a proportion of 0,26%. The 4462 completely determined bones represent 77% of the repertory, the rest of 23% include ribs, fragments and shivers of antler working, bones with traces of use-wear or damaged tools. Beside the NISP (Fig. 12) data, aiming to have a detailed picture of the animal husbandry from the Carei-Bobald site, we estimated and discussed the number of individuals (NMI) and the provided average meat values (MW). The percental estimations refers just to mammals, although the meal of the Middle Bronze Age community included birds, reptiles, fish and molluscs. The herd management followed different rules varying from species to species, determined by their primary (meat, organs, fat, hides, bones and antler, thews) and secondary offered products (milk, burden traction, weed reproductivity). Generally speaking, the cattle were the most important livestock of Otomani communities, completed by swine and ovicaprine herding, present in different proportions. In those sites where the ratio of cattle top 50%, the culinary importance of the swine and ovicaprines is reduced and hunting represents the secondary protein source.

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4. GYURKA Orsolya, MOLNÁR Zsolt

SCHIMBĂRILE PEISAJULUI CULTURAL LA ÎNCEPUTUL EPOCII BRONZULUI TÂRZIU ÎN NORD-VESTUL ROMÂNIEI. UN STUDIU COMPARATIV

THE CHANGES OF THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN NORTHWESTERN ROMANIA. A COMPARATIVE STUDY

The landscape is a primary source of information for the diachronic study of the relationship between man and the natural environment. Along with the functional analysis of the ecosystem and the habitat, in modern archaeology the landscape acquired a socio-symbolic dimension, being perceived, experienced and contextualized by people. The relationship between people and the natural environment is considered to be decisive for how groups generate their own cultural and social landscapes. The perception of the environment is closely related to the cultural specifics of the community, cultural changes, also influences the way groups interact with the natural environment. Rapid and large-scale changes may indicate major cultural and ideological changes within the communities, illustrated by the spatial distribution pattern of the sites.
The present paper traces the changes in the habitat system, which appeared at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550 BC) in northwestern Romania, through a multidisciplinary approach. The mapping of the settlements, the analysis of their location from a geographical point of view, provides information on the use of the environment and the economic models adopted by the prehistoric communities in question. GIS modeling and the comparative study of the habitat from the end of the Middle Bronze Age (Ottomani III phase) and the Late Bronze Age (Hajdúbagos-Cehăluț cultural group) highlight the socio-economic processes existing at the border of the two historical periods, on the territory of the Carei Plain, the Ier and the Crasna Valley.

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5. Victor SAVA, Florin GOGÂLTAN

MATERIAL EVIDENCE OF VIOLENT ARMED CONFLICTS IN THE BRONZE AGE OF THE LOWER MUREȘ

To understand the context in which it was possible for such an important event as the siege of the Late Bronze Age Sântana-Cetatea Veche mega-fort/site to take place, we have enlarged our area of research on violent conflicts, both geographically and chronologically. Our area of study, the Lower Mureş Valley, is situated at the boundary connecting the Western Carpathians and the Pannonian Plain, nowadays between the borders of Romania, Serbia and Hungary. The time frame of the study is the Bronze Age as a whole, conventionally dated from 2700/2600 to 900/800 BC.
To attain a diachronic perspective on violent conflicts, we cataloged, ranked and contextualized a series of discoveries, such as weapons, fortifications, or traces of physical trauma on human remains from the period under study. Through the analysis of such evidence, we argue that during the Bronze Age, our region of interest went through a series of significant changes regarding the social perspective on warfare. These can be correlated with the deep social and economic changes of the European Bronze Age. Furthermore, we took notice that such an intense, devastating violent conflict, like the siege of Sântana, could only have taken place in the context of the Late Bronze Age.

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6. Doru MARTA, FECHETE PORSZTNER Kitti, KATÓCZ Zoltán

DESCOPERIRI ARHEOLOGICE MEDIEVALE DIN ORADEA – „TÂRGUL DE VINERI”

MIDDLE AGE DISCOVERIES FROM ORADEA – “TÂRGUL DE VINERI”

At the end of archaeological researches conducted in the city center of Oradea between 2021-2022, besides
other late and pre modern medieval vestiges, two overlaid romanesque and gothic churches (12th-15th centuries) and a medieval building cellar which was later transformed into an ossuary were discovered.

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7. Călin GHEMIȘ

SĂCUENI – CETATEA ZOLYOMI/ZOLYOMI VAR – ISTORIE ȘI ARHEOLOGIE

SĂCUENI – ZOLYOMI CITADEL/ZOLYOMI VAR – HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

This study presents the history and some archaeological remarks regarding the Zolyomi fortress in the vicinity of Săcueni village located in the Er valley. The fortress was built by the Zolyomi family who became the landlords of the area from the first decade of the 15th century A.D. Due to the autonomist policy of David Zolyomi in 1633 the entire domain of Săcueni is confiscated by the Principle of Transylvania- George Rakoczi the First.
Between 1633 and 1640 Rákoczi consolidate the fortress and make substantial modifications to this fortification which was considered to be as powerful as Oradea. After the fall of Oradea fortress, the fortress from Săcueni became the most important fortress of the Principality of Transylvania in Partium. The strategic importance of it was an advantage, but at the same time a handicap in the geopolitical situation of the second half of the 16th century.
After some negotiations regarding the fate of the fortress, after the battle of St. Gothard, in the context of the Vasvar peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire, both great powers settled that the Principality of Transylvania must agree to demolish the fortress. In this context in January-February 1665 in the presence of the three powers emissaries the fortress is demolished.
In the end of the study are presented some field observations regarding the fortress and the necessity that this archaeological site must be protected.

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8. Ioan Alexandru MIZGAN

PAPALITATEA ȘI „RĂZBOIUL SFÂNT” ÎN PREAJMA DECLANȘĂRII CRUCIADELOR (SECOLUL AL XI-LEA)

THE PAPACY AND THE “HOLY WAR” AROUND THE OPENING OF THE CRUSADES (ELEVENTH CENTURY)

The emergence of the Crusades in history, at the end of the 11th century, represents the culmination of a process of the concept of “Holy War!”, which evolved slowly over several centuries, culminating in their outbreak at the end of the 11th century. A significant evolution of the concept of “Holy War” occurred during the 11th century under Popes Leo IX (1049-1054), Alexander II (1061-1073), Gregory VII (1073-1085) and Urban II (1088-1099). Pope Leo IX supports the idea that the soldiers of St. Peter who fought for the cause of the pope died as martyrs. Pope Alexander II was interested in the Holy War against the Saracens in the Iberian Peninsula and the Barbastro expedition (1064), which had a great echo in Western Europe. Through all his actions Pope Gregory VII brought Latin theology to the brink of the Holy War, claiming that the Pope had the right to summon armies to fight for God and the Latin Church. It also changed the concept of sanctified violence into a penitential framework, an idea that was to form part of the ideology or essence of the Crusades. With the pontificate of Pope Urban II, the Western Church embraced the concept of Holy War as a value of Christian life. Pope Urban II issued the call for an expedition to the Christian East in Clermont in 1095. Many believers placed themselves at the Pope’s service, taking a solemn oath for the Crusade. Pope Urban II took the initiative to unite the ideological war with the religious pilgrimage, which basically led to the outbreak of the Crusades.

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9. Alexandru SIMON

ALUMNUL IOAN FILIPEC ŞI PRINCIPII SĂI: DESPRE CARIERA UNUI EPISCOP AL ORADIEI DIN VREMEA REGILOR MATIA CORVIN ŞI VLADISLAV AL II-LEA JAGIELLO

THE ALUMNUS JOHN FILIPEC AND HIS PRINCIPES: ON THE CAREER OF A BISHOP OF ORADEA IN THE TIME OF THE KINGS MATTHIAS CORVINUS AND WLADISLAW II JAGIELLO

According to Antonio Bonfini, in the debut of his Decades, presented to King Wladislaw II Jagiello in the second half of 1492, John Filipec, titled bishop of Oradea by the Italian humanist (although the Moravian Czech had resigned his seat almost two years earlier), as the best “pupil” of the late king Matthias Corvinus (April 6, 1490). For Bonfini, Filipec, the offspring of a notable Bohemian family, was in fact a nec plus ultra of Matthias’ reign. A couple of hundred folios later, and just before presenting his own arrival at the court of Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice of Aragon (December 1486), Bonfini “nuanced” his views regarding his Filipec: he came from a modest environment and had been taken-in by Matthias after the Hunyadi conquest of Olomouc (1468). Filipec was no longer the almost saintly figure portrayed by Bonfini at the beginning of his work for which he was even ennobled by Wladislaw II, his new patron. Filipec too had entered the service of Wladislaw, but without holding any administrative offices or ecclesiastical dignities. Bonfini and Filipec seemed joined after the death of Matthias, forming a bridge between two very different reigns: that of the son of John Hunyadi and that of Casimir IV’s son.
The aim of the present survey, part of larger study on the “Hunyadi legacy” chiefly in the 1490s, is to present the main stages in John Filipec’s career and their connection to the “Eastern” policies of his suzerains, Matthias Corvinus, in particular, and Wladislaw II Jagiello. A series of “coincidences” can be identified, especially after Matthias’s death (e.g. the Hungarian royal elections of 1490, the Jagiellonian Congress at Levoča in 1494 or the Hungarian Diet at Rákos in 1505), that return attention to the old question of Filipec’s real loyalty/ loyalties and to the manifold faces of the “Hunyadi text” of Bonfini presented to a Jagiellonian monarch, the unwanted successor of the Italian’s former royal patron. It can be argued that both Filipec and Bonfini were adjustable natures and quite astute politicians. This might come as a surprise in the case of the latter, viewed primarily as a “man of letters”, but is certainly not a novelty in relation to the former,
whose perfidia plusquam punica was lamented by the Milanese envoys that witnessed in mid-1490 the bitter failure of John Corvinus, Matthias’ illegitimate son and designated heir, as well as the husband – by proxy – of Bianca Maria Sforza. Filipec certainly possessed the intimate knowledge of Hunyadi affairs needed by Matthias’ adversaries. After all, John Filipec had also been entrusted with the upbringing of one of the sons of Dracula and of Matthias’ sister.

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10. Gizella NEMETH, Adriano PAPO

IL PROCESSO PER LA “MORTE VIOLENTA” DEL CARDINALE E VESCOVO ORADIENSE FRATE GIORGIO
MARTINUZZI

THE TRIAL FOR THE “VIOLENT DEATH” OF THE CARDINAL AND BISHOP OF ORADEA FRIAR GEORGE MARTINUZZI

George Martinuzzi Utyeszenics (1482-1551), better known as Friar George, was bishop of Oradea (Várad), primate of Hungary, cardinal, high treasurer, supreme judge, military commander, royal lieutenant in Hungary and Transylvania. He was a brilliant, ambitious, astute, and powerful character, a capable, authoritative and far-sighted statesman. George Martinuzzi held high ecclesiastical, administrative, and military posts in the Kingdom of Hungary of John I Szapolyai and in Transylvania as well. Its political goal was to keep a balance between the two great powers
of the time, the Habsburg, and the Ottoman ones, in order to safeguard the territorial integrity of the Hungarian kingdom.
Despite having been the main architect of Transylvania’s dedication to the House of Austria, Friar George, accused of connivance with the Ottomans after the Habsburg occupation of the country, was killed by order of King Ferdinand of Habsburg in his castle of Vinţu de Jos (Alvinc). Therefore, the Holy See opened an investigation to judge the perpetrators of the assassination of the cardinal. King Ferdinand accused Martinuzzi of handing over Buda to the Ottomans, as well as of harassing the queen, stripping the inhabitans of their own possessions, exchanging couriers with the Sublime Porte, delivering provisions to Ottoman soldiers, and favoring the release of the commander of the Ottoman garrison of Lipova (Lippa) etc. At the end of the “trial” King Ferdinand and his accomplices were all acquitted.

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11. Florin Nicolae ARDELEAN

LA FRONTIERA DE VEST A TRANSILVANIEI: FERENC NÉMETHI ȘI EVOLUȚIA CONFLICTULUI TRANSILVANO-HABSBURGIC ÎNTRE 1557-1565

ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER OF TRANSYLVANIA: FERENC NÉMETHI AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN-HABSBURG CONFLICT BETWEEN 1557-1565

Ferenc Némethi of Zétény was one of the most powerful nobles in the Habsburg-Transylvanian borderlands. In 1557 he decided to join the Szapolyai faction in their war with the Habsburgs for the Hungarian Crown. Although he was a descendent of a middle ranking noble family from Zemplén County (in the North-Eastern parts of the Hungarian Kingdom), he managed to acquire an important office in the frontier area, the captaincy of Tokaj fortress. In less than a decade he became a leading figure in the Transylvanian military hierarchy and gained significant wealth as a result of his political and military activity. Ferenc Némethi proved great skill in the conduct of irregular warfare but lacked the ability to lead large armies and win decisive battles. He died in 1565 while trying to defend his main stronghold, Tokaj, against a larger army led by the famous Habsburg commander Lazarus Schwendi. This case study reveals the importance of the frontier nobility (marcher lords) in determining the course of the war between the Habsburgs and Transylvania, in the second half of the Sixteenth century.

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12. Diana IANCU

UN DOCUMENT TIPĂRIT LA NÜRNBERG DESPRE CUCERIREA CETĂŢII ORADEA DE CĂTRE HABSBURGI – 1692

A DOCUMENT PRINTED IN NÜRNBERG ABOUT THE CONQUEST OF THE ORADEA FORTRESS BY THE HABSBURGS – 1692

In this paper we focus on the conquest of Oradea’s fortress in 1692 by the Austrian Empire. The fortress was occupied in 1660 by the Ottoman Empire. We present a print which reveals the view of the city and the fortress of Oradea under siege. Smoke rising from the cathedral and along the city wall is visible, cannons are firing from across the river. Troops in formation surround the town. On the hill above the scene in the foreground are four men on horseback and another man holding up a plan of the fortress for them to see. After a fourteen months long siege, the imperial forces conquered the city from the Ottomans in 1692.

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13. Florina CIURE

IL CORRIERE ORDINARIO – O IMPORTANTĂ SURSĂ DOCUMENTARĂ PENTRU ISTORIA SPAȚIULUI ROMÂNESC LA CUMPĂNA SEC. XVII-XVIII

IL CORRIERE ORDINARIO – AN IMPORTANT DOCUMENTARY SOURCE FOR THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANIAN SPACE IN THE 17th-18th CENTURIES

The report analyses the information on the history of the Romanians contained in the oldest newspaper printed in Italian in the Habsburg territory, Il Corriere ordinario, which appeared between 1671-1721, first by the Flemish printer Johann Baptist Hacque, and after his death in 1678, thanks to his brother-in-law Johann van Ghelen, originally from Antwerp, who often signed his editions as an “Italian typographer”. Two regular issues were released every week, on Wednesday and on Saturday: il corriere ordinario (the ordinary courier), dedicated almost exclusively to international events, and il foglio aggiunto all’ordinario (the sheet added to the ordinary), which reported news about the Habsburgs and Vienna itself, along with other information from abroad. Sometimes they were followed by il foglio straordinario (an extraordinary sheet) that collected other news or a long report on a relevant event. Each of the three components of the newspaper was printed on a single sheet, in one or two columns. Among the conspicuous news contained in the newspaper are those on the Habsburg conquest of Oradea (1692) or on that of Timișoara (1716), as well as of other Transylvanian locations. The Corriere Ordinario was essentially an official newspaper, protected by the privilege of the press and containing a selection of information, heavily controlled by censorship.

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14. Gabriel-Virgil RUSU

ELEMENTE DE PROTO-CRIMINALISTICĂ. UTILIZAREA SEMNALMENTELOR ÎN ACTIVITAREA
DE URMĂRIRE A RĂUFĂCĂTORILOR ÎN TRANSILVANIA SECOLELOR XVII-XIX

ELEMENTS OF PROTO-FORENSICS. THE USE OF SIGNATURES IN PURSUIT OF OUTLAWS IN TRANSYLVANIA OF THE 17th-19th CENTURIES

The activity of tracking criminals in Transylvania, included in the Habsburg Empire since 1699, gained more consistency once the use of cues. Their description was made on issuing the tracking orders by Government that also contained in the annexes the personal descriptions of the suspects, an aspect that significantly facilitated this activity. This article contains several published and unpublished documents that reveal the criminal policy of the Imperial authorities: the preservation of the climate of order and public security, by clearing the territories of the Crown of criminals. Thus, starting from the 18th century, we are witnessing a modernization of investigative work through the introduction of this method, in fact an element of proto-forensic that will foreshadow the birth of a new discipline in the next century: The Forensics Science.

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15. Cristian APATI

SATE ȘI PREOȚI ORTODOCȘI DIN BIHOR. DATE NOI PRIVIND ANII ’70 AI SECOLULUI AL XVIII-LEA

VILLAGES AND ORTHODOX PRIESTS FROM BIHOR. NEW DATA REGARDING THE 70S OF THE 18TH CENTURY

The present study analyzes a series of documents that cover several blank pages of the history of the Orthodox Church from Bihor County in the 18th century. Some of these, written in the years 1774-1775, show the number of existing houses in some localities. Others list the priests ordained by Bishop Pahomie Cnezevici between the years 1770-1777, indicating the parish for which they were ordained, the place and date of the ordination, the amount paid for the ordination.

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16. Sorin ȘIPOȘ, Cosmin PATCA

GOSPODĂRIA ȚĂRĂNEASCĂ DIN AȘEZĂRILE DE PE VALEA BISTREI (COMITATUL BIHOR), SECOLELE XVIII – PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI XX

THE PEASANT HOUSEHOLD FROM THE SETTLEMENTS ON VALEA BISTREI (BIHOR COUNTY), 18TH CENTURY – FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The traditional household in the settlements of the Bistra Valley between the first half of the 18th century and the 20th century is in accordance with the main occupations of the inhabitants and the characteristics of the environment. Despite the new rules imposed by the Austrian authorities in the 18th century, households preserve a strong traditional character. In 1900 and 1910, most houses had walls built of wood, and the roof made of straw and reeds. Modern building materials have hardly infiltrated in the settlements of the Bistra Valley.

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17. Liviu BORDAȘ

GEOGRAFIE ȘI ENCICLOPEDISM. REVIZITÂNDU-L PE GHEORGHE LAZĂR

GEOGRAPHY AND ENCYCLOPAEDISM. REVISITING GHEORGHE LAZĂR

Between 1810 and 1822, Gheorghe Lazăr (1779/82-1823) composed or compiled four geography textbooks for the use of the Romanian schools of Transylvania and Walachia: a mathematical geography (1810), a geography of Transylvania (1815), an astronomical geography (1820), and a world geography (1822), respectively. The first two were destined for publication in Transylvania, but his superior blocked all attempts. The last two were used in the St. Sava College of Bucharest, and – according to a 1822 manifesto – the world geography was being prepared for
publication. Like most of Lazăr’s Nachlass, they have been lost after his death. The present article discusses all the available information about these books and attempts to identify their sources on the basis of contextual data. It also underlines Lazăr’s long lasting interest for the subject matter of geography, which has been neglected by both his biographers and the historiography of geographical studies in Romanian culture. My thesis is that it should be understood as part of Lazăr’s encyclopaedicism, another dimension of his intellectual formation and academic profile which has been neglected. The last section, which places Lazăr in the context of the geographical textbook production during his mature life and the decades following his death, shows that many other manuscript textbooks have met with the same fate: they failed to reach the printing press and – sooner or later – have been lost.

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18. BODO Edith

ORADEA-SUBCETATE ÎN REPREZENTĂRILE CARTOGRAFICE (SEC. XVIII – PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SEC. AL XIX-LEA)

ORADEA-SUBCETATE IN CARTOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS (18TH CENTURY – THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY)

Unlike Oraşul-Nou and Olosig, where there were many restrictions concerning the settlement of the Jews, Oradea-Subcetate (a component quarter of the city) is known to have been founded by Jews. The Subcetate Jews, with the approval of the military activities, organised their own civilian administration composed of Jewish representatives, led by their own judge called primary judge. The first tensions emerged after the settlement of the first Christians. Their discontent was triggered by the fact that the Jewish inhabitants paid only the tolerance and protection tax, being exempted from other public duties.
The maps and the plans are important sources of knowledge about the history of the city of Oradea and in our case, about the territory located around the fortress. The work introduces 3 manuscript maps, a plan of Oradea-Subcetate, and a detail from the map of the city of Oradea, made in 1859, which is kept in the National Archives of Hungary.

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19. Ioan CIORBA

VIZITA LUI FRANCISC IOSIF I LA ORADEA DIN ANUL 1857 ȘI PREGĂTIRILE DIN MEDIUL ORTODOX

FRANCIS JOSEPH I’S VISIT TO ORADEA IN 1857 AND PREPARATIONS FROM THE ORTHODOX ENVIRONMENT

During 1857, Oradea was visited for the second time by Emperor Francis Joseph I. Accompanied by his wife Elisabeta, he arrived in the city at the end of May (although he was originally supposed to arrive in the middle of May), spending two days in Oradea. The arrival of the distinguished guests will attract many lay and ecclesiastical officials from Transylvania and Crișana to the town on the Crișul Repede River banks. The emperor’s schedule in Oradea was quite busy, combining practical and protocol activities with relaxation ones. The representatives of the Orthodox clergy (the Bishop of Arad, the president of the Oradea Consistory, deacons, or simple priests) will assume an important role in the preparations necessary to receive the emperor and his suite in the hope of obtaining a better position for all followers of this confession. The present article is largely based on original documents issued from the Orthodox environment, supplemented with those from the old press. Together they manage to establish quite accurately all the important details of this major event in the history of Oradea from the middle of the 19th century.

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20. Ion EREMIA

PATRIMONIUL CULTURAL AL BASARABIEI PE PAGINILE ANUARULUI ÎNSEMNĂRI ALE SOCIETĂȚII DE ISTORIE ȘI ANTICHITĂȚI DIN ODESA

CULTURAL HERITAGE OF BESSARABIA ON THE PAGES OF THE NOTES OF THE SOCIETY OF HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF ODESSA YEARBOOK

During 1844-1919, 33 issues of the Notes of the Society of history and antiquities of Odessa yearbook were edited. The materials published here attest to the fact that the authors have attracted attention especially the territories annexed by the Russian Empire in the second half of the 18th century – the first decades of the 19th century and intensively promoted the idea that these territories, including Bessarabia, are of South Russian fact. The idea of the presence of the Slavs in Bessarabia has been cultivated since immemorial times, so the inclusion of these territories in the Russian Empire, should not create any doubts about the belonging of this region. However, a good part of the authors was aware of the fact that the population a native of Bessarabia was Romanian and was referred to by the term Romanians. Anyway, the Yearbook of the Society of history and antiquities had an important role for its time in researching the history of Bessarabia. Were published a series of historical sources, information about churches and monasteries, about some manuscripts that they found in Bessarabia, precious information about numismatics and ethnography. It is worth noting that in the second half of the 19th century in Bessarabia, the first archaeological excavations were carried out at Cetatea Albă. It was also during this period that the first investigations of the mounds, left by the many populations that crossed the territory of Bessarabia over the centuries.

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21. Ion GUMENÂI

LAVRA NEAMȚULUI ȘI MĂNĂSTIREA NOUL NEAMȚ: INTERFERENȚE SPIRITUAL-CULTURALE

LAVRA NEAMȚULUI AND NOUL NEAMȚ MONASTERY: SPIRITUAL-CULTURAL INTERFERENCES

An exceptional phenomenon, the New – Neamț Monastery, supported and supported both by the tsarist lay administration and the Holy Synod, right from its foundation in 1864, was one of the main centers for the promotion of the Romanian tradition. By transferring the very name, some works and the way of life and traditions of the Lavra Neamțului, in fact this place of worship came to maintain the Romanian spiritual element that was in opposition to the traditional Russian one.
In this sense, a role of utmost importance was played by Archimandrite Andronic Popovici, a complex and versatile person, one of the founders and founders of the Noul-Neamț Monastery. Starting from his origins and up to his activity as an archimandrite at Noul Neamț, even if a philorus and supporter of the Russian autocrats, seen by him as the saviors of Orthodoxy, he volens-nolent through his activity contributed essentially to the maintenance of the Romanian tradition in Bessarabia.
We also believe that it is necessary to interpret the ties maintained during the tsarist period of the Noul Neamț Monastery both with the Neamț Lavra and with a series of consecrated personalities of Romanian spirituality and culture.
We will also investigate a series of other elements that were imported by this place of worship from the Romanian space.

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22. Gabriela ENEA ELEKES

RELAȚIILE LUI IOSIF VULCAN ÎN CERCURILE LITERARE MAGHIARE. ROLUL REVISTEI „FAMILIA” ÎN RECEPTAREA TIMPURIE A POEZIILOR EMINESCIENE ÎN TRANSILVANIA

IOSIF VULCAN’S RELATIONS IN HUNGARIAN LITERARY CIRCLES. THE ROLE OF THE “FAMILIA” MAGAZINE IN THE EARLY RECEPTION OF EMINESIAN POEMS IN TRANSYLVANIA

Iosif Vulcan impresses with the multitude, diversity and depth of his cultural activity. His efforts were also aimed at making Romanian cultural values known to Hungarians. He carries out a notable publishing and literary activity in the Hungarian language as well. In 1871, Iosif Vulcan was elected an external member of the Kisfaludy Literary Society. The choice of Iosif Vulcan as a member of this important Hungarian literary society is not a coincidence, it is a recognition of his activity in the field of knowledge and recognition of literary values and in the connection of Romanian-Hungarian literary relations. In 1872, Vulcan published in „Familia” magazine the first poem translated into Romanian by himself, from Petőfi’s creation.
Having become an external member of the Kisfaludy Literary Society, Iosif Vulcan made known, in its meetings, Romanian folk creations in Hungary, and his translations were included in the collection Román népdalok/Romanianfolksongs.
Iosif Vulcan consciously carries out journalistic and literary activity in the Hungarian language, on the one hand, out of the desire to make Romanian literary values known in Hungary, and on the other hand to contribute to closer relations between the Romanian and Hungarian people.
Iosif Vulcan’s activity and involvement in the literary life of Romanians from Hungary and Transylvania falls within the cultural attitude of the post-Paşoptist generation that considered culture and literature as the most effective means of fighting for the preservation of national identity.

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23. Viorel CÂMPEAN

FAMILIA ȘORBAN (ȘERBAN). CONTRIBUȚII DOCUMENTARE

THE ŞORBAN (ŞERBAN) FAMILY. DOCUMENTARY CONTRIBUTIONS

The article aims to present documentary contributions to the knowledge of several members of the Șorban noble family. It is, in particular, about a few Greek-Catholic priests (with one exception, a Roman-Catholic prelate), some who reached high ranks (canon, archdeacon), others simple servants in rural parishes, most of them from the former county of Sătmar of the modern era. Personalities such as Mihail Şerban, Toma Şorban and Sorbán Kornél stand out.

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24. Felicia Aneta OARCEA

NOBILIMEA ROMÂNEASCĂ DIN PĂRȚILE ARADULUI ÎNTRE IDENTITATE ȘI UITARE

THE ROMANIAN NOBILITY FROM ARAD AREA BETWEEN IDENTITY AND OBLIVION

The legacy left by the Romanian nobility form the Arad area has been a constant preoccupation for researchers, historians, or their descendants. Forgotten until recent years after the fall of the communist regime in Romania (1989), hoping that the memory and the status of their ancestors will find their identity traces, the descendants have taken out of the chest’s pictures, documents and personal belongings. From generation to generation, they were  educated in the great schools and university centres of the 19th and 20th centuries. Icons of past noble lives, they restore to the present the longevity of a system of relationships, which relates to the beginning of the ennoblement of these families. They received the insignia either from the Transylvanian princes or from the Habsburg authorities. The intergenerational ties, their prestige in society, the consciousness of belonging to an elite society, gravitated around their symbols of identity: church, school, language, Romanian culture. The labyrinth of history preserves the destiny of the past lives of the small Romanian nobility from the parts of Arad, whose descendants distinguished themselves within the communities in which they worked. The long path of the nobility of the families Balint of Ciuci, Moțica of Lescioara, Iuga of Măgulicea, Pag of Cristești has survived through the ages, as the memory of the descendants, the preserved artifacts, the historiographical sequences reiterate a time of a forgotten “universe”.

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25. Marta CORDEA

DESTINE. EMILIA MARIETTA ANTAL, O DESCENDENTĂ A VESTITELOR FAMILII ANTAL ŞI BORBOLA

DESTINIES. EMILIA MARIETTA ANTAL, A DESCENDANT OF THE FAMOUES ANTAL AND BORBOLA FAMILIES

Our research follows the footsteps of a descendant of two noble families, Antal (ennobled family in 1658) and Borbola (attested family from 1702) with important contributions, especially in the socio-cultural field, in Transylvania, over several centuries. The central character of our article is Emilia Marietta Antal, along with whose sad story, a branch of the two families is extinguished. The course of her life, based on documents and articles from the press of the time, brings an end to the glory period of these two vase families, making us classify her story under the generic “Aggrandizement and Decay”.

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26. Silviu SANA

VASILE LUCACIU – PĂRINTE, SOȚ ȘI TATĂ. ASPECTE PRIVIND ORIGINEA ȘI FAMILIA MARELUI TRIBUN NAȚIONAL

VASILE LUCACIU – PRIEST, HUSBAND, AND FATHER. TESTIMONIES AND EVOCATIONS ABOUT THE ORIGIN AND FAMILY OF THE GREAT NATIONAL TRIBUNE

This work is part of the series of published documentary restitution, regarding the family of the Greek-Catholic priest, Dr. Vasile Lucaciu (1852-1922). The personality evoked at the centenary of his death is sketched both in terms of his familiar origins and family life, Vasile Lucaciu being a married priest. In this capacity of head of family and husband, Vasile Lucaciu combined, not with few difficulties, a prolific activity outside the familiar life (theologian, priest and politician) with that of the „atrium” of his family, succeeding together with his wife, Paulina (born Serbac), to face the challenges regarding the education of his own children. This effort of the fighter for the national rights of the Romanians in Transylvania, Banat, Crişana and Maramureș was made through the good cooperation with his wife, with whom he managed to mark the formative-educational path of his 4 children. From the marriage with Paulina resulted 5 children: Vasile Cicerone (1876, died immediately after birth) Epaminonda Lucaciu, who became a priest; Veturia, married to Ioan Munteanu, doctor in Buzău; Tulia, who lived in Cluj; Vasile, who died in World War I.

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27. Răzvan Mihai NEAGU

CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND VIAŢA ŞI ACTIVITATEA UNUI REMARCABIL INTELECTUAL AL BISERICII GRECOCATOLICE, ZENOVIE PÂCLIŞANU (1886-1957)

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF A REMARKABLE INTELLECTUAL OF THE GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH, ZENOVIE PÂCLIŞANU (1886-1957)

The subject of this material is a remarkable intellectual of the Greek Catholic Church, Zenovie Pâclişanu. He was a theologian, priest, historian, politician and diplomat, member of the Romanian Academy. Zenovie Pâclişanu had a very good academic training in two major university centers of Central Europe: Budapest and Vienna. Initially, he distinguished himself as a member of the Romanian national movement in Transylvania, contributing and participating at the the Great Union of 1918 in Alba Iulia. In the interwar period his career took another turn, working in the Ministry of Cults. He also carried out several diplomatic missions. Among his greatest successes was the signing of the Concordat between Romania and the Holy See (1927). During the communist period he was eliminated from all institutions, was arrested and died in prison as a martyr.

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28. Florin DOBREI

PREOTUL PROFESOR TEODOR BOTIȘ (1873-1940) – ÎNTREGIRI BIOGRAFICE

PRIEST PROFESSOR TEODOR BOTIŞ (1873-1940) – BIOGRAPHICAL ADDITIONS

As a complement to the medallions and microbiographies that have been compiled to date, the present study aims to bring a series of supplementary information (as it emerges either from old documents or from the contemporary press) regarding the life and the rich activity of the priest, historian, politician, journalist, teacher, director and then rector of the prestigious higher theological education institution in Arad Teodor Botiș, born in Bihor County, respectively an Aradian by his fruitful and long achievements, especially in the cultural-educational plan.

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29. Laura Dumitrana RATH BOȘCA

TIBERIU MOȘOIU CONFERENȚIAR, MEMBRU ACTIV ÎN CADRUL ATENEULUI ROMÂN FILIALA ORADEA

TIBERIU MOȘOIU LECTURER, ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE ROMANIAN ATHENAEUM, BRANCH OF ORADEA

Tiberiu Moșoiu was one of the many intellectuals that contributed to elevating the prestige of the Law Academy together with other great intellectuals of the time such as: Eugeniu Speranția, Liviu Lazăr, Victor Cădere, Andrei Sigmund, Constantin Petrescu Ercea, Bogdan Ionescu, Iuliu Hovanyi, Gheorghe Sofronie, George Strat, Lazăr Iacob, Aurelian Ionașcu, Ioan Polydor, Dumitru Mototolescu. Coming from a distinguished family that ended up making history, Tiberiu Moșoiu inherited the respect for the country and an admirable moral strength reflected trough his stances on social justice. His personality developed through his lifetime having the good example of his family which offered a favorable context for him to develop such an outstanding moral fortitude.

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30. Veronica TURCUȘ, Șerban TURCUȘ

UN BIOGRAF MAI PUȚIN CUNOSCUT AL LUI AVRAM IANCU – NICOLAE BUTA

A LESSER KNOWN BIOGRAPHER OF AVRAM IANCU – NICOLAE BUTA

Born in Transylvania, in Apoldul de Jos (Sibiu County) on March 20, 1901, Nicolae Buta attended the courses of the University of Upper Dacia in the first years of its establishment, graduating in 1924. Then followed the years of specialization in Medieval and Modern History at the Romanian School in Rome (1924-26) and in Paris, in the academic year 1926-27. From 1927 he was employed as assistant at the Institute of National History in Cluj, where he worked until 1929. In the second interwar decade he distinguished himself by his journalistic activity (materialized in the previous decade by studies and articles printed in “Societatea de “Mâine”, “Ţara Noastră” or “Cosânzeana”), Nicolae Buta now continuing his collaboration with “Transilvania”, periodical of ASTRA, with the culture magazine from Cluj edited by ASTRA, “Gând Românesc”, and initiating, in 1930, the magazine “Ardealul tânăr”. He also signed articles in the Transylvanian journals “Patria”, the organ of the Romanian National Party, or “România Nouă”, the political newspaper led by Zaharia Boilă, and also printed various materials in “România Nouă” in Chișinău. In 1941, an unexpected death abducted Nicolae Buta prematurely, notable being the monograph dedicated to Avram Iancu – printed on the occasion of the 1924 anniversary celebrations – and the contributions published in the scientific journals „Diplomatarium Italicum” (Romanian School of Rome periodical for publishing documents from the Italian archives) or “Yearbook of the Institute of National History” in Cluj, studies focused on the problems of the national movement in Transylvania and on the archival information obtained during the research carried out in Rome.

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31. Marius CÂMPEANU

PARTICIPAREA ROMÂNILOR DIN LOCALITĂȚILE CIOCOTIȘ ȘI FÂNAȚE (JUDEȚUL MARAMUREȘ) LA PRIMUL RĂZBOI MONDIAL

ROMANIANS FROM THE CIOCOTIȘ AND FÂNAȚE VILLAGES (MARAMUREȘ COUNTY) THAT PARTICIPATED IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The First World War also marked the lives of the Romanian inhabitants and the communities in which they lived that were part of the former Solnoc Dăbâca County. The documents regarding the participation of Romanians from the former Solnoc Dăbâca County and, implicitly, those regarding the contribution of the inhabitants of Copalnic-Mănăștur to the First World War, drawn up between 1922-1923, are kept in the ASTRA Fund, located at the Sibiu County Service of the Romanian National Archives. In the mentioned archive fund, a document regarding the contribution of the Romanian inhabitants from Ciocotiș and Fânațe villages to the first world conflagration is kept. In this study, we present the information on the number of participants, who survived the war, who died at the front, who disappeared and those who died from wounds or diseases.

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32. TŐTŐS Áron

INAMICUL DIN INTERIOR: SEXUL MILITARIZAT ÎN TIMPUL PRIMULUI RĂZBOI MONDIAL

THE ENEMY FROM THE INTERIOR: MILITARIZED SEX DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The issue regarding prostitution in modern times is more and debated by scholars. It is a part of daily life, well defined from a legal point of view and quite common in large European cities. Many of their clients were soldiers and during the First World War they needed to have some time out from the exhausting battles on the front. In that time, the prostitution industry grew, brothels appearing in army camps and in occupied cities. Their role was both to satisfy the sexual needs of the soldiers and to combat the spread of venereal diseases. This is the subject of our study, based both on edited and documentary resources.

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33. Augustin ȚĂRĂU

PLUTONUL DE EXECUȚIE (EKATERINBURG 17 IULIE 1918)

THE EXECUTION PLATOON (EKATERINBURG JULY 17, 1918)

In developing the present study, I started from information provided to me by my colleague Imre Zoltan, who said that the soldiers of the execution team of the family of Tsar Nicholas II were Hungarians, recruited from prison camps in Russia. A large number of these Hungarian prisoners adopted Bolshevik ideology and fought alongside the Red Army against Admiral Aleksandr Kolceak’s counter-revolutionary army. Documents from the archive of the Russian Federation confirm the hypothesis of the presence of Hungarian soldiers in the firing squad of the tsarist family and also the presence of the future Prime Minister Imre Nagy, who in 1956 led the anti-Soviet rebellion in Hungary and was then executed in Moscow.

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34. Daniela CURELEA, Dragoș L. CURELEA

SECVENȚE DIN ACTIVITATEA GENERALULUI DE BRIGADĂ ALEXANDRU HANZU DE LA CONDUCEREA SECȚIEI ȚINUTURILOR REUNITE DIN M. ST. M. AL ARMATEI ROMÂNE LA COMANDA DIVIZIEI 16 INFANTERIE ÎN PERIOADA 15 APRILIE – 30 IULIE 1919

SEQUENCES OF BRIGADIER GENERAL ALEXANDRU HANZU’S ACTIVITY FROM THE LEADERSHIP OF THE UNITED COUNTIES SECTION OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY GENERAL STAFF AT THE COMMAND OF THE 16TH INFANTRY DIVISION BETWEEN APRIL 15 AND JULY 30, 1919

The Romanian officer Alexandru Hanzu served in the Imperial Army of Austria-Hungary until the autumn of 1918, when he specialized in the artillery weapon and as staff officer for the same Army. From the autumn of that year he was admitted, like many other officers of Romanian origin and of various ranks in the former Austro-Hungarian army to the service of the Ruling Council and the Romanian Army. The experience of these officers was useful in the organization and leadership of the six divisions in the course of 1919. Many of these officers, including Brigadier General Alexandru Hanzu, were co-opted and worked in military personnel management structures and were even offered commands of infantry divisions formed from the ranks of the Ardelens. In April 1919, the Grand Headquarters and War Ministry appointed General Al. Hanzu, a brigadier general whom he transferred from the Section of the Reunited Lands in Bucharest. This general commanded the afore mentioned combat unit in the various military actions that the Romanian Army carried out between April 1919 and December 1919 in the structure of the Northern Group in the Tisa campaign.

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35. Andi MIHALACHE

DE ADUCERE AMINTE: STATUILE

REMEMBERING: THE STATUES

We do not choose the past to which we want to return. We decide, perhaps, the place from which we return to it. Of course, it all fits a perspective: no past actually gets us back but allows us to contemplate its inner side from a distance. Whereas, from a diachronic point of view, we can easily trace the emergence and stages of interest in statues, from a synchronic-comparative standpoint, we perceive a sharp difference: what made statues indispensable some time ago, and why do we not explain their anonymity now? Why do they not see them as essential or even respectable? To sum it up, we cannot stir admiration but still entertain debates. It is not respect that we lack, for it is easy to feign it; attachment is actually something we do not have. I am not discussing here the so-called love of heroes, events or ruins (we find fault with them all), but the loyalty to what we would not be if they had not preceded us. It also depends on which cult we establish, counting, some would believe, whether we are on the ‟left” or the ‟right” of a situation. Namely, those who dominated history or those who were its victims. Along this line, we would be limited to a more cautious assessment: a statue is a sign of circulation in the fluctuating territory of memory, no more. Viewing it as a response to something, man always provides another map to the past, one where we decide, from time to time, where the dawn of hopes comes from and where their sunset falls. Therefore, our relationship with history has two solutions: either we accept it as it was, or we learn something from it. By applying the measure of our times to immemorial times, we will no longer have a past to entrust to the future. All in all, statues will remain useful if we know how to rephrase the dilemmas stirred by a particular monument. Moreover, it will always have something to say because those who came before us have only had time to discover those good remembrance antecedents; now that they are gone, we have the duty of loving it for them, too.

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36. Mihaela GOMAN

EDIFICII DIN JUDEȚUL BIHOR AFLATE ÎN ATENȚIA COMISIUNII MONUMENTELOR ISTORICE – SECȚIUNEA PENTRU TRANSILVANIA DIN CLUJ ÎNTRE ANII 1922-1929

BUILDINGS IN BIHOR COUNTY UNDER THE ATTENTION OF THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS COMMISSION – THE SECTION FOR TRANSYLVANIA FROM CLUJ BETWEEN 1922-1929

Our approach has in mind several buildings in Bihor County that are under the attention of the Regional Commission from Cluj, especially wooden churches, but also other historical monuments, some of which would be restored, preserved, or demolished as the case may be. Is the indisputable merit of the president, Alexandru Lapedatu, but also of the secretary, Constantin Daicoviciu, who made every effort – together with other members of the Commission – to protect the national cultural and artistic heritage of Transylvania.

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37. Laurențiu-Ștefan SZEMKOVICS

CRUCEA „SERVICIUL CREDINCIOS” CONFERITĂ ÎN 1924 UNUI FOST NOTAR AL COMUNEI OȘORHEI

THE “FAITHFUL SERVICE” CROSS CONFERRED IN 1924 TO A FORMER NOTARY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF OȘORHEI

In this article, the author presents, using faleristics, heraldry and sigillography, the “Faithful Service” Cross that was granted to him, by Royal Decree no. 1640 of May 30, 1924, to Gherlan Ion, pensioner, former notary of Oșorhei commune, Bihor County.

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38. Francesco LEONCINI

LA “GRANDE ROMANIA” [ROMANIA MARE] E LA PICCOLA INTESA: T. G. MASARYK, EDVARD BENEŠ, NICOLAE
TITULESCU

THE “GREAT ROMANIA” [ROMANIA MARE] AND THE LITTLE ENTENTE: T. G. MASARYK, EDVARD BENEŠ, NICOLAE TITULESCU

Among the major democratic leaders of Central Europe, namely the areas between Germany and Russia between the Baltic and the Aegean, were Masaryk, Beneš and Titulescu, the protagonists of an alternative geopolitical project to that of the German Central Europe (Mitteleuropa).
Initially formed in the immediate post-war period to prevent a return of the Habsburgs and to face Magyar revisionism, the Little Entente subsequently tried to establish itself as a united front, to oppose the hegemony of the great powers and in particular to counter the renewed Drang nach Osten.
It manifested itself at the start, during the Weimar Republic, essentially in cultural form, then, with the rise of Nazism, it adopted an increasingly aggressive approach on economic and foreign policy up until, after Anschluß and the destruction of Czechoslovakia, the outbreak of World War II.
The alliance was under pressure from German expansionism and gradually proved to be somewhat weak and unstable internally in terms of trade, while the interests of the respective governments became increasingly divided on foreign policy.
The essay, above all, intends to highlight the fact that the alliance did not find in the democratic powers of France and Great Britain, the political support that could have assigned it the role of strategic ally in the Danube-Balkan area and in its relationship with Moscow inside a collective European security system.
In fact, it was precisely this hypothesis that the Western governments, and towards the end of the 1930s also those of Yugoslavia and Romania, decided to exclude, as they were worried about the contagion of communism. They preferred appeasement rather than to play the “Russian card”.

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39. Sanda Dumitrița BUBOI

CONSIDERAȚII PRIVIND PRESA LIBERALĂ DIN JUDEȚUL BIHOR ÎN PERIOADA INTERBELICĂ

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE LIBERAL PRESS IN BIHOR COUNTY IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD

This article aims to review the press of the Bihor County organization of the National Liberal Party (P.N.L.). The central press body of the Liberals, Viitorul, was mentioned, which served as a model for the local liberal newspapers. Then the main liberal newspapers of Bihor are briefly analyzed – Liberalul, Dreptatea Poporului, Voința Națională, as well Beiușul, a politically undeclared newspaper but of a liberal tone. We also analyzed Viața Nouă, the official newspaper of P.N.L. Gheorghe Brătianu.

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40. Marin POP, Daniel-Victor SĂBĂCEAG

ÎNCERCĂRI DE MODERNIZARE A SATELOR DIN PLASA VALEA LUI MIHAI ÎN PERIOADA INTERBELICĂ

ATTEMPTS TO MODERNIZE THE VILLAGES FROM VALEA LUI MIHAI PLASA DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD

The present study aims to analyze the evolution of human civilization in the villages from Valea lui Mihai Plasa, which belonged to Sălaj County, from 1925 until the Soviet-type districting, from 1950.
The modernization process of the villages from Valea lui Mihai Plasa, which began in the first decade of the interwar period, continued during the period under our study, after 1925, when the area was annexed to Sălaj
County. At the beginning of the third decade, it was seriously affected by the great world economic crisis (1929-1933), but we note that, nevertheless, in the rural villages the infrastructure modernization work continued, even ifat a much lower intensity.
The period between 1933-1937 overlaps with the exit from the world economic crisis and the liberal government. It was characterized by the implementation, both in Valea lui Mihai Plasa and at the national level, of an ambitious project to modernize the rural environment, and not only, especially on the basis of the law on the conversion of agricultural debts into public benefits. The project also benefited from good coordination from the state, with all the bureaucracy that existed during that period. We particularly note the activity of the prefect of Sălaj County at that time, Dr. Mihail Gurzău, but also of the praetors, the elite of the villages, priests and teachers, who tried to convince the peasants of the need to modernize the infrastructure, the education system and health, etc., although they often ran into the conservatism of the Romanian peasant.

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41. Florin MÜLLER

DE LA DICTATURA REGALĂ LA STATUL NAȚIONALLEGIONAR – ÎNTRE CLANDESTINITATE ȘI VIOLENȚĂ

FROM THE ROYAL DICTATORSHIP TO THE NATIONAL-LEGIONARY STATE – BETWEEN SECRETNESS AND VIOLENCE

This study proposes an analysis on the reports between the anti-democratic political actors from the years of the Carlist dictatorship (February 1938 – September 1940): King Carol II, as a personalized mark of the dictatorship, General Ion Antonescu, an opponent of the king within the military structures, and the Legionary Movement, as a driving force of radical and illegal opposition of the regime. The study constitutes a research, from the perspective of political power, of the basis of which each of the protagonists benefited, the difficulties generated by the dictatorship for its contesters. The rifts within the regime that allowed the continuation of a permanent revolt against it are also re-examined. The differences between the political capital of the two exponents of the protest, Ion Antonescu and Legionary Movement, are not omitted either, especially during the period when Horia Sima took power within it.

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42. Mihai STAN

NICOLAE IORGA PRIN OCHII JURNALIȘTILOR ITALIENI

NICOLAE IORGA THROUGH THE EYES OF THE ITALIAN JOURNALISTS

This article presents, through a series of articles from the Italian press, the personality of the great Romanian
historian and man of culture Nicolae Iorga. This short historical foray into Nicolae Iorga’s activity in Italy – activity “carefully monitored” by the Italian journalists – represents an extract from the doctoral thesis of the undersigned entitled The Romanian House in Venice from Nicolae Iorga to the present (1930-2018), thesis to be published in an extended and complete form.
Nicolae Iorga through the eyes of the Italian journalists presents both the intense activity carried out by Nicolae Iorga in Italy, but also the overall vision of Italian journalist regarding the personality of the historian and man of culture Nicolae Iorga, who for 50 years of activity (1890 – when he first arrived in Italy, in Venice and until his death in 1940) managed to become an Ambassador of the Romanian culture in Italy, but also „a bridge” between the two countries, his personality being recognized both by prominent members of the academic community and the press from the Peninsula.

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43. Emanuel COPILAȘ

MONARHIA ROMÂNĂ DUPĂ AL DOILEA RĂZBOI MONDIAL. CÂTEVA PROBLEME DE TEORIE ȘI IDEOLOGIE POLITICĂ

THE ROMANIAN MONARCHY AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR. SOME ISSUES OF POLITICAL THEORY AND IDEOLOGY

This article tackles the problem of the postwar Romanian monarchy through political theory and an ideological perspective. It aims to bring forward a new doctrinaire perspective upon the monarchical institution in general and king Michael in particular, without trying to minimize in any way the political contributions of king Carol II of Romania’s successor to ending the war in Romania and mitigating as much as possible the consolidation of Soviet influence upon the country.

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44. Alin MUREȘAN

DEMOCRATIZARE, DEFASCIZARE, EPURARE. ZORII PROCESULUI DE COMUNIZARE (SEPTEMBRIE-DECEMBRIE 1944)

DEMOCRATIZATION, DE-FASCISATION, POLITICAL PURGES. THE DAWN OF THE COMMUNIZATION PROCESS (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 1944)

The paper presents the early stages of the state’s purge activity in the first months following the August 23 coup d’état. The tragedy of war – at full blast at the time – and international pressure dictated the need to remove from (political, military, propagandistic and cultural) power all those responsible for Romania’s situation. However, disagreements on the methods manifested within the coalition government accompanied the consensus on the final goal. The study aims to reconstruct not only the ideological perspectives at war but also the concrete measures taken by the state and society, from the purging of journalists and lawyers to the arrest of Iron Guard members, the legislation that was adopted, the practical difficulties of the process (i.e. the destruction of archives), the activity of the ministerial purge commissions, identifying the targets and the recovery, immediate or in the long run, of some cultural personalities used by the Communist Party as “companions”.

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45. Cristina Liana PUȘCAȘ

UNIFORMS TRANSFORMED IN CONVICT SUIT. THE PRISON ODYSEE OF THE PUPILS FROM THE PEDAGOGICAL SCHOOL FOR LEADERS BEIUȘ

1948 was a crucial year for Beiuș, the communist repression descending with frenzy upon the town. The first to be targeted were a few pupils, boys, from the Samuil Vulcan High School, part of the “Carpathian Vultures” organization. The second contingent arrested in 1948, comprising of 56 people, brought together the teachers of these pupils, such as Niculiță Papp, the art teacher, respectively father Ioan Negruțiu, the religion teacher. The third contingent from 1948 targeted the girls from the Normal School for Teachers from Beiuș: Onel Ana, Tamara Şerban, Irina Jude, Viorica Trifu, Florica Savu, Olimpia Șerban, Georgeta Pârlog, Elena Florescu, Maria Popa, Florica Giulai. They were all in the Fifth form and all classmates. They were part of the “Enthusiasm of Youth” organization.

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46. Marina BUȚCU

PREOȚI BASARABENI ÎN OBIECTIVUL SECURITĂȚII. STUDIU DE CAZ: VASILE ȚEPORDEI

BESSARABIAN PRIESTS IN THE PURSUIT OF THE SECURITY. CASE STUDY: VASILE ȚEPORDEI

The establishment of the communist regime in Romania meant radical changes in all fields of activity, social-political, economic, cultural, spiritual, etc. Any form of assertion and manifestation was controlled in order to prevent hostile actions against the governing regime or plots against the social order. For these reasons, a wellstructured policy was launched, applied either through repression or administrative entities. Bessarabian priests were also an important target of the Security’s (Securitate) attention, whose investigation was often built from the perspective of defining them as enemies of the people.
An example in this regard was the case of the Bessarabian priest Vasile Țepordei, who became the subject of a criminal case opened by the State Security Organs, on the grounds that he had carried out an intense  fascist activity of agitation and propaganda through the Basarabia and Raza newspapers, during the time that the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was occupied by the Andotescian troops. According to the Security files, through the articles published in the official press, the culprit would have created a trend favorable to the continuation of the war of aggression started by Antonescu’s fascist regime against the peaceful peoples of the Soviet Union, and his publicistic activity would have been oriented towards the enslavement of the interests of these regimes.
Therefore, Vasile Țepordei was arrested and handed over to the Russian occupation troops, tried by the Military Court of Constanța, sentenced to hard labor for life and sent to the Vorkuta camp, from where he would be repatriated after seven years of Soviet detention. The analysis of the problem of refugee clerics from Bessarabia opens the path to understanding the circumstances in which they worked after 1947 in Romania, under the conditions of an anti-democratic and atheistic regime.

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47. Eva IOVA-ȘIMON

ROMÂNII DIN UNGARIA ÎN ANUL 1956. PUBLICAŢII, DOCUMENTE, MĂRTURISIRI

ROMANIANS FROM HUNGARY IN 1956. PUBLICATIONS, DOCUMENTS, TESTIMONIALS

In the autumn of 1956, the population of Hungary rose up against the communist regime of Rákosi Mátyás and Gerő Ernő. The revolution, even if it was defeated, had a special importance for the entire course of history in this part of the world. The hope of freedom and the desire to express their aspirations also set in motion some representatives of nationalities in the country. Until after 1990, none of the Romanians in Hungary had the courage to write or speak openly about what happened in the fall of 1956. In the fall of 1956, the publication of all nationalities’ magazines in the country was stopped for a period of more than a year. The Romanians were the only ones who published a new (revolutionary?) magazine in December 1956. Gazeta Română had a short life, appearing in only one issue. The first article about the connection of nationalities, and especially Romanians from Hungary, with the 1956 revolution was written and published in 2006, in the Foaia românească magazine. A year later, in 2007, Ecranul Nostru, the Romanian-language TV show from Seghedin, produced the first documentary film about the arrest of a young Romanian woman from Jula, Elisabeta Maniu, sentenced to death and shot on February 2, 1957, on the grounds that he would have been one of the organizers of the revolt in Jula. The young woman of only 19 years, however, was not the only Romanian victim of the revolution…

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48. Nicoleta ȘERBAN

SATUL ROMÂNESC SUB EXPERIMENT COMUNIST: DE LA COLECTIVIZARE LA SISTEMATIZAREA SATELOR

THE ROMANIAN VILLAGE UNDER THE COMMUNIST EXPERIMENT: FROM COLLECTIVIZATION TO VILLAGE SYSTEMATIZATION

Communism envisioned the creation of a new world, a world of perfect equality in which private property would no longer be a reason for social hierarchy. It wasn’t going to be easy at all, because the peasantry is reluctant to what comes from the outside, so it’s hard to mold. They were people who cared about ancestral ties, who organized their lives according to traditions and customs inherited from generation to generation, and the land meant everything to them. Depending on how much land they had, they were respected within the community and even the family, which was therefore the basis of their identity. If we carefully follow the measures taken during the four decades of communism, we observe a continuity in the direction of what was actually intended all along: the destruction of the old world and the construction of a new type of subject, i.e. the new communist man and the “multilaterally developed socialist society”, which Ceaușescu himself dreamed of.

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49. Mihai D. DRECIN

„GAUDEAMUS – ALMA MATER CRISIENSIS” – O REVISTĂ STUDENȚEASCĂ DE CULTURĂ LA ORADEA (1968-1973)

“GAUDEAMUS – ALMA MATER CRISIENSIS” – A CULTURAL STUDENT MAGAZINE IN ORADEA (1968-1973)

Gaudeamus was the first cultural student magazine edited by the Romanian Student Association of the 3-year Pedagogical Institute from Oradea. It is among the first student magazines published in our country, proof of the cultural potential of the student and didactic environment of the young university center in western Romania.
The study anchors the event in the years of liberal relaxation during the Nicolae Ceaușescu era, respectively 1968-1971. Such a life and political atmosphere is also observed in all the countries communalized by the Red Army after the Second World War, even in other post-war decades, with other effects and completions.
The editorial staff of the magazine is detailed, nominating editors-in-chief, deputy editors-in-chief, general editorial secretaries, editorial secretaries, members. If at the beginning young teachers had a significant role in the management and editing of the magazine, later their place was taken by students, coming from all the institution’s faculties.
For the beginning of the thematic session of the content of the magazine, in the future the content of the articles, reviews to analyze, to analyze or to analyze, other forms of intellectual collectivity of studies – raw material that would allow the understanding of the internal life of the student body, basically the evolution, its mentality in the era.
From 1971-1973, the magazine underwent a more pronounced process of politicization, following the assault of an increasingly authoritarian regime aimed at blocking non-conformist manifestations of students in general, a “plenary regimentation” of them in building the multilateral socialist society developed in Romania.

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50. Liliana ROTARU

MIŞCAREA DE RENAŞTERE NAŢIONALĂ ÎN R.S.S.M.: CONTRIBUȚIA STUDENȚILOR DIN INSTITUȚIILE DE ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNT SUPERIOR

THE NATIONAL RENAISSANCE MOVEMENT IN THE MOLDAVIAN S.S.R.: THE CONTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The context created by the energetic evolution of the national movement and the delayed restructuring of Soviet higher education stimulated the civic activism and involvement of the “easily inflammable collective” of students in the events taking place in the Moldavian S.S.R. in the second half of the 80s. Students from higher education institutions of the Moldavian S.S.R. initiated consistent actions in the context of perestroika, glasnost, and national reawakening even before 1988. Even so, their actions were small, often singular, and the most resonant were identified and “executed” promptly by the “competent bodies”, who checked the state of the academic collectives with particular attention. Although they had a complex network of methods and instruments for monitoring the “moral atmosphere and psychology” of the students, towards the end of 1988, the party authorities lost control and the battle for the control of the minds and souls of the students in higher education institutions of the Moldavian S.S.R., they proved civic and political maturity in the events of November 1988.

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51. Marcel REVENCO

CONSIDERAȚII REFERITOARE LA COMISIA MIXTĂ MOLDO-ROMÂNĂ PRIVIND RELAȚIILE ECONOMICE, COMERCIALE ȘI TEHNICO-ȘTIINȚIFICE

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE MOLDOVAN-ROMANIAN JOINT COMMISSION ON ECONOMIC, COMMERCIAL AND TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS

The constitution of the legal basis and the bodies that were to manage the commercial-economic relations of the Republic of Moldova with Romania began to be formed even before the Declaration of Independence. The cited sources clearly testify that the decision to form the intergovernmental commission for economic, commercial and technical-scientific collaboration between the Republic of Moldova and Romania was adopted back in August 1991, but, for unknown reasons, the first meeting of the Commission was convened quite late, only in 2004. After the communists came to power, they abandoned the idea of the Intergovernmental Commission for Economic Collaboration and formed two new bodies, the Interministerial Committee for the Relations of the Republic of Moldova with Romania and the Office for the Management of the Relations of the Republic of Moldova with Romania, but these too proved to be non-functional. After this unsuccessful attempt, the idea of creating the Romanian-Moldovan Intergovernmental Commission for Economic Collaboration and European Integration was returned, which in 2012 was divided into two Commissions: the Romania-Republic of Moldova Intergovernmental Commission for Economic Collaboration and the Romania-Republic of Moldova Intergovernmental Commission for Integration European.

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52. Mirela MOCAN

ROMÂNII ȘI ITALIENII ÎN SPAȚIUL GEOGRAFIC ROMÂNESC. OAMENI DE AFACERI ITALIENI ÎN JUDEȚUL ALBA
AL ZILELOR NOASTRE

ROMANIAN AND ITALIAN PEOPLE IN THE ROMANIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE. ITALIAN BUSINESSMEN IN THE PRESENT-DAY ALBA COUNTY

Over the course of time, not only did the Romanian and the Italian people share their common origin, but also found themselves in the sphere of cultural, academic, social and economic relations. Historical documents attest the presence of Italian people on the territory of present-day Romania since the twelfth century. Nowadays, Romanian and Italian politicians agree that as far as bilateral relations are concerned, along with the common Latin origin, the most important thing is the economic interest which is beneficial for both sides.

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53. Ion CÂRJA

SUB SEMNUL LUI CLIO, LA CUMPĂNA DINTRE MILENII. TEME ȘI PROBLEMATICI DE ISTORIE ROMÂNEASCĂ ÎN ISTORIOGRAFIA ITALIANĂ, 1990-2022

UNDER CLIO’S SIGN, BETWEEN THE MILLENNIA. THEMES AND DEBATES OF ROMANIAN HISTORY IN ITALIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1990-2022

Italian-Romanian relations have a long tradition and a special significance, considering the common origin and the cultural and linguistic affinities of the two peoples. To older and otherwise well-known themes, such as the Roman origin of the Romanian people and the Latinity of the Romanian language, of the relations between the two peoples during the Risorgimento and the formation of modern national states, a new component was added: in the last three decades, in the Italian peninsula, the largest Romanian diaspora in Europe and in the world has formed, as a result of the migration of over one million Romanians, due to economic reasons, which settled for a long-term period. It is equally true that the Romanian space was also the target of a migratory flow coming from Italy, especially in the 19th century, but also after 1989 when numerous small and medium-sized Italian entrepreneurs arrived in Romania, attracted by the opportunities which the Romanian economy offered in the post-totalitarian period. On the level of historical writing, we can speak of a longer-lasting mutual interest, so that after December 1989 the collaboration between the historiographies of the two countries experienced a real dynamism, a frequent form of interaction and collaboration of historians from the two countries being the conferences with mixed participation, Italian-Romanian, organized in Romania or Italy. The present study aims to broadly gather the Italian scientific production related to themes and issues of Romanian history, which appeared in the last three decades. Without claiming to be able to offer an exhaustive panorama, we propose to review study topics, works and names of academics and researchers who have dealt with Romanian history, culture and civilization during the last 30 and so years. In addition to a certain revelatory character of the Italian public, Italian historiography regarding the Romanian space has especially revealed approaches and interpretative contributions about Romanians and Romania that must be considered, in the liberal and open climate in which the Romanian, Italian and European historiographic approaches are placed today.

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54. Antonio FAUR

MODALITĂȚI DE CONSERVARE A MEMORIEI ȘI ISTORIEI EVREILOR DEPORTAȚI DIN ORADEA

METHODS OF PRESERVING THE MEMORY AND HISTORY OF THE JEWS DEPORTED FROM ORADEA

The present work deals with the preservation of the memory of the Jews of Oradea, most of whom were victims of the Holocaust at the end of the Second World War. The author mentioned cultural and scientific institutions and events that play a significant role in keeping their memory alive. It is about the local Jewish community, the most important after the one in Bucharest, the Museum of Jewish History in Oradea (restored with support from the senatorial fund of the US Senate and funds from the mayor’s office), the “Tikvah” Association and the Center for Research in Jewish History “Eva Heyman” from the University of Oradea. The mentioned institutions, especially in the last decade, carried out a significant activity for preserving and perpetuating the memory of the Jewish community in Oradea and the tragedy they went through.

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55. Gabriel MOISA

POLITICĂ LA FIRUL IERBII. PRESĂ LOCALĂ ȘI CONTEXT ELECTORAL (2008). STUDIU DE CAZ FOAIA DE POPEŞTI (BIHOR)

GRASSROOTS POLITICS. LOCAL PRESS AND ELECTORAL CONTEXT (2008). CASE STUDY FOAIA DE POPEŞTI (BIHOR)

The Romanian rural publishing landscape is extremely poor, in fact almost non-existent. On the one hand, the village world is less receptive to the written press, and on the other hand, in very few cases local communities or financially powerful people can afford to support a press organ.
However, there are exceptions. In Bihor it is called Foaia de Popeşti, a newspaper that appears since April of 2008 in Popeşti commune. From the beginning, it must be emphasized that Foaia de Popeşti appeared in the context of the 2008 election year, an extremely long and hectic one from this point of view, as a press organ of the local branch of the National Liberal Party. The first issue saw the light of day at the beginning of April 2008. Between April and June 2008, it had a weekly appearance rhythm. Starting from July 2008, with the end of the electoral process, Foaia de Popești became a monthly bulletin of the Popeşti Local Council. It is a meritorious fact that the new administration, even if it is not from the party that initiated this newspaper, has assumed all the expenses necessary for the publication of this newspaper.
The information provided by the bulletin was relatively diverse and refers almost exclusively to economic,
social, cultural and sports realities, which concern the local communities of the seven villages. Given that the newspaper appeared around the electoral campaign in the spring of 2008, the first issues include numerous data and information related to this moment in the life of the community. After the end of the electoral process, Foaia de Popești, being taken over by the Popeşti Local Council, became one of the main sources of information for the commune’s citizens on the activities of the local elected officials led by the new mayor.

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56. Gianfranco GIRAUDO

DALL’ORRIFICO AL SURREALE I MEDIA ITALIANI E L’“OPERAZIONE MILITARE SPECIALE”

FROM HORRIFIC TO SURREAL. THE ITALIAN MEDIA AND THE “SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION”

In literature, four brains put together to write a work equals zero. Maybe even less. A fruit salad of comics, old films, clips of fiction, yellowed screenplays, foreign telephone directories, period paintings and imitations of crazed Salgarians. Applying this bizarre interpretative category to Ukraine and its war/no war situation against Russia and NATO, we are no longer dealing with four brains or literature, but with a host of small talk show giants and a of deaths and destructions, of hordes of refugees, of a tragedy which, thanks to “information”, runs the risk of slipping towards the farce, not because of the alleged referendum in the Donbass and surroundings, but, above all because of the daily television “marathons”, not of a single network. It is a common opinion that “too much information = no information”. The problem of the informational complexity of the age we are living in represents a real challenge for our cognitive system. Lévy suggests the need to learn to build a completely new relationship with knowledge. A relationship in which, having abandoned “the nostalgia for a well-constituted, organic, total culture” one can finally arrive at some knowledge in which it is necessary to accept the limits of the partial and the provisional. The problem is not that simple. Facebook, Tweeters and other social tools show us how the group can also become knotted around futile discussions, impromptu re-launching of fragments of news, self-referential debate. We have decided to accept the challenge of “infobesity”, to dive into the Blob, a green sludge that swallows, chews and vomits everything; even if the material we have collected is an emotional sample, qualitatively and quantitatively irrelevant, we think we can give a, so to speak, homeopathic cure to the daily ambush of reiterated, recycled and decontextualized words and images. All this generates a feeling of exaggeration, of fiction, of disenchantment, of bewilderment – of an increasingly distant truth.

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57. Lucian BARBU-TUDORAN, Corina TOMA, Mihai MUNTEANU

REZULTATELE ANALIZELOR SEM-EDX PRIVIND MONEDELE DIN TEZAURUL DE LA ȘILINDIA (JUD. ARAD)

SEM-EDX ELEMENTAL ANALYSES PERFORMED ON A LOT OF COINS FROM THE ŞILINDIA HOARD (ARAD COUNTY)

This article presents the results of elemental analyses performed on thirty-eight coins from the hoard found in the ʽ60s at Şilindia (Arad county). The coins are local imitations of Greek-Macedonian tetradrachms minted during the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, commonly referred to as Celto-Dacian issues. The selected coins belong to distinct series and types, or are variants of the same coin-type (Appendix 1). These coins were analyzed with SEM-EDX nondistructive method (i.e. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis), which provides detailed high resolution images, elemental identification and quantitative compositional information. The coins were found to have a high standard of fineness of more than 96% silver (Appendix 2), the measurements made on the surface of the coins being for this silver-copper aloy with high silver content sufficiently relevant.

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58. Viorica SUCIU, Radu ARDEVAN

ONE MORE COIN HOARD FROM SARMIZEGETUSA REGIA

The paper deals with a coin hoard from the proximity of the capital of pre-Roman Dacia, Sarmizegetusa Regia. Because it was retrieved by the police from a smuggler, the finding circumstances remain unclear. It consists of 289 Roman silver denarii, issued along three centuries.
There are 155 republican coins first, mostly from the 1st century B.C., and one has to underline the large percentage of the pieces from the second half of the century. But it is already known, that such coins were copied by the Dacians as well, till the very Roman conquest. Also, these pieces belong to the pre-Roman market of the 1st century A.D., and their hoarding together with the imperial ones is a phenomenon attested by other discoveries from the region.
Other 134 silver coins are imperial issues. The series of the Julio-Claudian dynasty is small and discontinuous, the coins’ majority belongs to the Flavians, and there are also 13 pieces of the first Antonines, till 102 A.D. The hoard must have been hidden and lost during the Roman conquest of Dacia under Trajan, and its owner seems to have belonged to the native upper-class.
This hoard brings further data about the monetary circulation in pre-Roman Dacia, and about the bitter fights around Sarmizegetusa Regia during the conquest, too.

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59. Mihai MUNTEANU, Lucian BARBU-TUDORAN, Radu ARDEVAN

ANALIZA METALOGRAFICĂ A UNOR MONEDE ROMANE DIN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI III P. CH.

METALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SOME ROMAN COINS FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE 3RD CENTURY A.D.

Non-destructive metallographic analyzes were performed, with a Scanning Electron Microscope, on a batch of 18 Roman silver coins. All coins were discovered at Potaissa and are part of the collection of this museum. Their metallic composition indicates the gradual reduction of the percentage of silver until under Philip the Arab, but in the years of Decius it drops drastically. The pieces of Trebonianus Gallus and Valerian offer suspiciously high percentages of silver, and we wonder how representative they are of their era. The obtained data are useful for understanding the monetary aspect of the great crisis of the Roman world in the 3rd century.

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60. Ștefan VASILIȚĂ

ELEMENTE DE AUTENTIFICARE ALE ȘTAMPILELOR DE TIP * ROMÂNIA * TIMBRU SPECIAL APLICATE PE BANCNOTELE AUSTRO-UNGARE (1919)

AUTHENTIFICATION ELEMENTS OF THE * ROMÂNIA * TIMBRU SPECIAL HANDSTAMP TYPE APPLIED TO AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN BANKNOTES (1919)

In the summer of 1919, the validation of the Austro-Hungarian banknotes that circulated in Transylvania was made by the Romanian authorities by applying handstamps on their Hungarian side. In October 1919, the same operation took place in Banat also, with the help of the same handstamps. This article presents the characteristics of the authentic handstamps based on two documents made in late 1919 or early 1920 and kept in the Archive of the National Bank of Romania: a sheet containing the general characteristics of the authentic handstamps and a photo-specimen which depicts 13 impressions of the official handstamp. The details of the authentic handstamps are presented, thus allowing a modern researcher to make a differentiation between these and the forged ones. The article also provides data about the quantity of Austro-Hungarian banknotes stamped by Romanian authorities in Transylvania and Banat in 1919.

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61. Aurel CHIRIAC

MUZEUL ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR DIN ORADEA. PROIECT TEMATIC. MOTIVAȚIE CULTURALĂ. CONCEPT MUZEOTEHNIC

THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM FROM ORADEA. THEMATIC PROJECT. CULTURAL MOTIVATION. MUSEUM TECHNICAL CONCEPT

This text was written in 2011-2012, when the continuation of the investment for finalizing the interior and exterior works for the new headquarters of the Țării Crișurilor Museum, established to be the main building of the former Military Garrison of Western Romania was put into question.
Here we will discuss some main aspects regarding the thematical project, the renewal museotechnical concept and its cultural motivation, with the aim of understanding, on the one hand, the effort of the museum collective to support its cause with solid arguments, and, on the other hand, the causes that stood behind the 8-year delay in reintroducing the Țării Crișurilor Museum, in its new form, in the cultural-scientific circuit. We will largely discuss, in independent sub-chapters, the following: 1. The new headquarters, 2. The cultural motivation and the themati  project of the Țării Crișurilor Museum, 3. Society and exhibition project, 4. The vivid museum concept, 5. The museum – school relationship, 6. The Țării Crișurilor Museum – present and future.

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62. Cristian CULICIU

EXPOZIȚIA PERMANENTĂ DE ISTORIA FARMACIEI A MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR

THE PHARMACY HISTORY PERMANENT EXHIBITION OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM

Between 2018 and 2022, the Țării Crișurilor Museum in Oradea was organized in its new headquarters, in a
former military building. After years of renovation and adaptation to museum standards, the spaces were organized and equipped with furniture, stands and technology necessary for organizing the institutions’ permanent and temporary exhibitions. In the autumn of 2020, the first floor (of the three) was opened to the public, hosting the permanent nature sciences and archaeology and medieval/modern history exhibitions. Through another project, financed by E.U. funds, the second and third floors were organized for the contemporary history, art and ethnography sections. The two floors were finished and opened in the autumn of 2022. On the second floor, finishing the history section, a room hosts the reconstitution of a local pharmacy from the early 1900’s. The exhibition refers to the pharmacy history collection that the History section of the museum has, and includes hundreds of objects. In this paper we will refer to the collection in its forming and being, and also to the making of the exhibition, what were the main steps and what it contains.

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63. Ronald HOCHHAUSER

OBIECTE DE TEZAUR ÎN COLECȚIA TEHNICĂ A MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR ORADEA – COMPLEX MUZEAL

TREASURY ARTIFACTS FROM THE TECHNICAL COLLECTION OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM OF ORADEA – MUSEUM COMPLEX

The museum patrimony (heritage), of regional importance, includes a valuable collection of cultural goods in the technical field, which is of great typological importance. Our approach is limited to the presentation of the attributes of three artifacts classified in the Thesaurus legal category of the national cultural heritage: two automated musical mechanisms for playing sound (a Manopan organette, model V, Excelsior, a salon polyphon, model 45, Premium Edition) and a Mignon mechanical typewriter, model 4, all German made. We note that among the listed pieces, the polyphon is in working order, representing a point of great attraction within the museum.

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64. Tiberiu Alexandru CIORBA

ȘEMATISMUL ECLEZIASTIC CA SURSĂ PRIMARĂ – ANALIZA COLECȚIEI DE ȘEMATISME GRECO-CATOLICE A MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR

ECCLESIASTICAL SCHEMATISMUS AS A PRIMARY SOURCE – ANALYSIS OF THE GREEKCATHOLIC SCHEMATISMS COLLECTION OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM

The so called schematismus was a 18th-20th century type of document which presented in a very concise way the structural organization of a certain institution, be it civil, military or in this case ecclesiastic. The museum holds in its collection a number of examples of these small books which detail the administration of the Greek-Catholic Bishopric of Oradea starting from the first half of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The oldest schematismus is from 1837 and it is a prime example of how an ecclesiastic entity was comprised. As a primary source the schematismus hold a lot of important information not only for the dozens of parishes but at the same time, data pertaining to demography, education and so on. They become literal tools in the hands of researchers interested in the modern period of Bihor County.

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65. Doina-Gabriela ANANIE

ATELIERE FOTOGRAFICE DIN COLECȚIA DE FOTOGRAFIE VECHE A SECȚIEI DE ISTORIE A MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR

PHOTOGRAPHIC WORKSHOPS FROM ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM’S HISTORY DEPARTMENT OLD PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTION

The Țării Crișurilor Museums’s History Department old photography collection has a significant number of images made between 1860 and the 1950s, in photographic studios from the Austrian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, German Empire, Ottoman Empire, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, France. The course fallowed by the photographic workshops, from the first ones, in which the owner was also a painter, to those with a selected clientele and a few subsidiaries, or with imperial titles, was an extraordinary one. The mobility of the studios, frequent associations and separations, moving in other locations, had not affected their work. They managed to leave their mark on people everywhere and are still arousing a lot of interest.

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66. SZAMOS Mariann

CONTRIBUȚII LA ISTORIA MUZEULUI MEMORIAL „ADY ENDRE” DIN ORADEA. COLECȚIA ROZSNYAY

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE “ADY ENDRE” MEMORIAL MUSEUM IN ORADEA. THE ROZSNYAY COLLECTION

The history of the “Ady Endre” Memorial Museum is a local history, a micro-history about which not much information has been published. The bases of the current collection of the memorial museum is composed of two private collections: the Rozsnyay Collection and the Zalău Collection, also little-researched parts connected to the establishment of the museum. According to our current knowledge, the acquisition of the Rozsnyay Collection in 1942 was the first step towards establishing a museum in the memory of the poet. The aim of this paper is to share some information about the history of the Rozsnyay collection, the objects collected by the journalist and translator Rozsnyay Kálmán (the so-called „Ady Library”): how the collection arrived in Oradea in 1942 and what was the situation of this collection at the end of 1955, after the opening of the memorial museum (after a period of 13 years).

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67. Laura ARDELEAN, Lavinia UNGUREANU

ROLUL PEDAGOGIEI MUZEALE ÎN EDUCAREA PUBLICULUI PENTRU CUNOAȘTEREA TRADIȚIILOR
POPULARE

THE ROLE OF MUSEUM PEDAGOGY IN PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR THE KNOWLEDGE OF PEOPLE’S TRADITIONS

The paper intends to emphasize the role of museum pedagogy in the education process, taking into consideration the needs of a very diverse public. The main indicators for this are the age ranges of the public, the specifics of the museum, the specialists who work in the museum and so on. Nowadays the public belonging to very diverse age categories is involved in a series of specific activities, reason for which we agree to extend the syntagm museum pedagogy with museum pedagogy and andragogy. We also draw into attention the importance of activities organized by the members of Ethnography Department of the Țării Crișurilor Museum, in collaboration with those of the Department of Public Relation and other Departments, and with the Bihor County School Inspectorate, in the order to familiarize the young generations with popular traditions that are part of our national identity, and to educate the future public of the museum.

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68. Paolo LEONCINI

L’IMMAGINE ARTISTICA: CONTINUITA’ STORICA E ANTROPOLOGICA

THE ARTISTIC IMAGINE: HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONTINUITY

The avant-garde of the first European 20th century as Dadaism and Futurism defy acceptance of artistic criteria in order to develop new paradigm of creation in contrast to past orthodoxies, whether they were aesthetic criteria or cultural and social conventions; meanwhile, other avant-gardes as the Expressionism and Der Blaue Reiter reflect the need of social and politic objective to deconstruct and rebuild social institutions that were viewed as inextricably linked to conventional standards of aesthetics. This diversity among the avant-gardes recalls the diversities between Leopardi’s Discorso di un italiano sopra la poesia romantica and Di Breme. Leopardi supports art’s fundamental function connected with the primordial nature; Di Breme the interaction of reality in an exterior sense, without the emotional implication of the poet’s heart.

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69. Chirilă ENESCU

TREI PORTRETE REGALE INEDITE ÎN COLECȚIILE DE ARTĂ ALE MUZEULUI REGIUNII PORȚILOR DE FIER

THREE UNIQUE ROYAL PORTRAITS IN ART COLLECTIONS OF THE IRON GATES REGION MUSEUM

The present study narrowly presents three works of plastic art from the collections of the Museum of the Iron Gates Region that pictorially immortalize the most representative sovereigns of Romania from the interwar period. The three cabinet paintings were made to decorate a hall of festivities in a special anniversary moment for a Danube city, namely a century of the historical existence of the modern city of Turnu Severin. The removal and abandonment of paintings from their public utility during the communist regime led to the situation where the three paintings, two of them signed by Camil Ressu and one signed by Julieta Teodorini, were not noticed or known even by specialists in the field of fine arts. After a careful look, the public portraits prove to be extremely valuable for their artistic execution and historical value. Through this study, we join the ranks of the artists who illustrated the remarkable royal figures and the two painters present in the collections of the local museum.

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70. Agata Iuliana ADEL

LANDMARKS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF CLOTHING, FASHION AND SOCIAL LIFE IN WORKS FROM THE UNIVERSAL PAINTING COLLECTION OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM COMPLEX ORADEA (ROMANIA), PART I, 14-18TH CENTURIES

The study aims a stylistic and iconographic analysis of the paintings, seen as an anthropological document on the mentality, the social life and the faith of the era, reflected in the clothing and the manner of representing the characters. Complex iconographic documents on the era in which they were created, the paintings are important testimonies for the typology and the evolution of clothing, fashion and hairstyles of different social categories. The author analyses a selection of works dated in the 14th-18th centuries from the Universal Painting Collection of the Țării Crișurilor Museum Complex Oradea (Romania), representative for the typology and the evolution of clothing throughout the eras corresponding to the affirmation of the Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo styles. The analysed works reflect the evolution of the European clothing in connection with the social, religious and moral conventions, the fashion, the vision on beauty specific to different eras and offer original iconographic landmarks on the clothing of different social categories of the European peoples between 14th-18th centuries.

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71. Maria Flavia POP

REVISTELE MANUSCRIS DIN NORD-VESTUL ROMÂNIEI DE LA LITERATURĂ ȘI ȘTIINȚĂ LA FOLCLOR

THE MANUSCRIPT MAGAZINES FROM THE NORTH-WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA FROM LITERATURE AND SCIENCE TO FOLKLORE

The study intends to make a review of the manuscript magazines, newspapers and journals which promoted the Romanian culture in Transylvania, in a complicated period from historical and political point of view, in the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century. In the following rows we will review some of the manuscript magazines which tried to include in their pages not only literature but also science and folklore and encouraged writing in the national language, Romanian.

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72. Vasile TODINCA, Andreea Maria POP

CONTRIBUȚIA SCRIITORULUI ȘI POETULUI ANTONIU POPP LA ISTORIA LITERATURII ROMÂNE

CONTRIBUTION OF THE WRITER AND POET ANTONIU POPP TO THE HISTORY OF ROMANIAN LITERATURE

The present study is an attempt to draw interest of the young to recover authentic folklore, gathered and
sheltered in magazines or brochures published by various printers and publishers in the country. That is why I started to search for these collections of songs, ballads, tales, anecdotes, witty captions, etc., in magazines such as Familia, Gutinul, Unirea, Gazeta de Transilvania, Rândunica, Vulturul etc. By reading these sources I realized that the discovery of this type of literature is the most precious treasure of the people, created and stored in the universe of the village, populated by those trapped in orality, which were at the same time ploughmen, lyricists, songwriters, storytellers and performers. Our study aims to draw attention on the writings of a journalist, playwright, writer and folklore collector from Bihor, which, unfortunately, is now little known and almost forgotten by literary historians, folklorists and ethnographers alike, although his contribution as a writer and collected folklore cannot be overlooked. His name is Antoniu Popp (1868-1917). I have taken upon myself to let people know these spiritual manifestations, the silence of voices recorded in these collections of folklore (ballads, legends, poems and reels) made by Greek-Catholic priest Antoniu Popp born in the Prisaca Beiuşului village. On this occasion, we will publish his poetry, prose, humorous monologues, comedy and drama as well. 

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73. Petru ARDELEAN

CONSIDERAȚII ASUPRA VIOLENŢEI JUVENILE. CEATA DE FECIORI ȘI CÂŞTIGAREA RESPECTULUI

CONSIDERATIONS ON JUVENILE VIOLENCE. THE GROUP OF BOYS AND GAINING RESPECT

The phenomenon of violence did not manifest itself only at the level of the primary framework of rural sociability – the family, but also within the communities in different forms. It can be observed that the archive documents tell us of a series of thefts that occur between neighbors; violent language is present on everyone’s lips. The discussion about the ways of manifesting violence also leads us to the frameworks of sociability, especially those regarding the groups of young people in the village, to those ‟kingdoms of youth”, also we should not leave out the marginal, this controversial figure of history, discovered in archival documents or ethnological testimonies.
The occurrence of violence has manifested itself in the course of history in its various forms, but despite all the actions to stop it, it could not be stopped, it continues to exist in every historical stage with other actors who play the role of aggressor and aggressed.

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74. Narcisa ȘTIUCĂ

LUMEA RURALĂ VĂZUTĂ PRIN OBIECTIVUL A TREI FOTOGRAFI: AL. BELLU, AD. CHEVALLIER ȘI D. GALLOWAY

THE RURAL WORLD SEEN THROUGH THE LENS OF THREE PHOTOGRAPHERS: AL. BELLU, AD. CHEVALLIER AND D. GALLOWAY

The present work intends to present a series of observations and arguments regarding the memorial value of photographs taken by Al. Bellu, Ad. Chevallier and D. Galloway in the first decades of the 20th century. In our opinion, their work cannot be critically analyzed by disregarding the historical context that determined a certain ideological position and aesthetic attitude. We will also bring arguments against inadequate treatment, from the deontological positions of current visual anthropology.

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75. Lucica BRAD PARASCHIVESCU

DINAMICA OCUPAȚIILOR ÎN CONTEXTUL PROCESULUI DE MODERNIZARE DIN SECOLELE XIX-XX. STUDIU DE CAZ – COMUNELE MĂRGĂU (JUD. CLUJ) ȘI RIMETEA (JUD. ALBA)

THE DINAMICS OF OCCUPATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS OF THE 19TH–20TH CENTURIES. CASE STUDY – THE COMMUNES MĂRGĂU (CLUJ COUNTY) AND RIMETEA (ALBA COUNTY)

In this article we present comparative ethnological research of the dynamics of traditional occupations in the context of the modernization process of the 19th and 20th centuries. The dimension of human life in the 19th and 20th centuries underwent major transformations brought about by political, social and economic changes. Traditional communities had to find ways to adapt to change, and this was done both by finding other occupations for people to do within the community and by migrating to other workplaces. To exemplify the dynamics of traditional occupations within the cultural group and their transformations under the impact of internal or external factors, we present two case studies: Mărgău (Cluj County) and Rimetea (Alba County). Iron working has been the main source of income for the community of Rimetea for centuries. The people of Mărgău have been glaziers from father to son for 100 years, an occupation that has brought them many material rewards. In this article we will look at the context in which these occupations were lost and what they were replaced with.

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76. Ileana POP NEMEȘ

UTILITATEA ȘI ARTA ÎN ÎMBRĂCĂMINTEA CASEI TRADIȚIONALE DIN MARAMUREȘUL VOIEVODAL

UTILITY AND ART IN DECORATING THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN VOIEVODAL MARAMUREȘ

Maramureş is a unique destination, located in the heart of Europe, which has carefully preserved the culture,
traditions and lifestyle of the peasant from the past. The region is the place of a testament to the traditional, romantic era of simplicity and moral values that we read or hear from our grandparents today. A few habits have changed over the centuries that have passed. Families remain in the same village as their ancestors. The handicrafts and traditions are passed on from generation to generation. Hand-woven clothing is still worn with pride. The church is still the soul of the village. Neighbors know each other and help each other. Maramureş is considered by many the soul of the typical Romanian village. In this context one can notice how the woman had to have a special education to be able to raise her family in the eyes of fellow villagers. With its picturesque settlements, Maramureș concentrates on everything that life means in the country. The folk costume reaches the maximum artistic expression of color combination and stylization of shapes. Traditional culture was formed through the experiences of countless generations and conveys deathless values. One special room is arranged according to the traditional custom of the place, with old and new fabrics beautifully placed on wooden poles.
Visitors to these lands have the unique opportunity to go back in time, to be witnesses to times and a simpler life. The sources of information used are to a great degree part of the local oral history. Villagers found a purpose through order; they obtained the motivation needed for life. Their minds were opened to see the deeper meaning of things.

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77. Ioan GOMAN

INSTALAȚII TEHNICE ÎN SATE DIN SUDUL BIHORULUI LA MIJLOCUL SECOLULUI XX

TECHNICAL INSTALLATIONS IN VILLAGES IN THE SOUTH PART OF BIHOR COUNTY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The study highlights a document from April 20th, 1946 regarding a statistic of the so-called industrial objectives, mainly peasant hydraulic installations, which functioned at the mentioned date in the localities from Vașcău area, Bihor County. The scientific value of the document is given by the information included in it where appear mentioned the names of the owners who had these installations, the locality where they functioned, the type of production, their capacity of production in 24 hours, the number of persons who worked at the installations, the storage capacity and the product stock at that time. The document was elaborated by the local authorities at the request of the Bihor County Prefecture and at the request of the Ministry of War in which are mentioned 145 industrial objectives among which we also find 137 peasant hydraulic installations. Among them are remembered 12 water saws which functioned only in 9 localities: 3 in Pietroasa, 2 in Chișcău and one in Câmpanii de Sus, Dumbrăveni, Fânațe, Gurani, Poiana, Săliste de Vașcău and Sighișel; 121 water mills mentioned only in 42 localities, most of them were functioning in Călugări – 9; in Cărpinet – 8, in Chișcău – 8; in Izbuc – 5, in Leheceni – 5; in Săliște de Vașcău – 5, in Șuștiu – 5, in Vașcău – 5, in Colești – 4; in Lunca– 4, in Poiana – 4, in Briheni – 3; in Dumbrăveni – 3; in Fânațe – 3, in Ferice – 3; in Seghiște – 3, in Băița – 2; in Brădet – 2; in Câmpanii de Jos – 2; in Câmpanii de Sus – 2; in Cusuiuș – 2, in Ghighișeni – 2, in Hârșești – 2, in Rieni – 2, in Sighișel – 2; in Ștei – 2, in Valea de Jos – 2, in Vărzarii de Jos – 2 and only one mill in Băleni, Stâncești (Broaște), Buntești, Cociuba Mică, Gurani, Hotărel, Lazuri de Beiuș, Pietroasa, Poienii de Jos, Poienii de Sus, Săud, Sudrigiu and Valea de Sus and also 4 oil presses, 2 in Lunca and one in Șuștiu and one in Cărpinet.

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78. Sorin SABĂU

CÂTEVA ASPECTE ALE MEȘTEȘUGULUI DOGĂRITULUI ÎN JUDEȚUL ARAD

SOME ASPECTS OF THE CRAFT OF COOPERAGE IN ARAD COUNTY

The development of viticulture in the territory of Arad County has been favored, since ancient times, by both
the mild climate and the relief (the eastern Zărand Mountains having an exposure conducive to the cultivation of vines, as well as a calcareous soil). The Arad vineyard can also be proud of the fact that it is the first documented vineyard in Romania. As early as the 12th-14th centuries, written sources appear in which the localities are mentioned: Şiria (attested in documents in 1169), Mocrea (1160) Galșa (1214), Măderat (1214), Covăsânti (1332), Păuliș (1333), etc. which had important lands cultivated with vines. It was therefore natural that, in connection with the production of wine in the area, a series of craftsmen appeared to make the vessels necessary for their storage and transport. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, we can talk about the appearance of important families of dogars, where this craft was passed down from generation to generation. The Leptih families from Şepreuș, Petenkoffer from Pâncota or Weszely from Lipova stand out. They produced barrels, depending on the client’s requirement, with capacities of tens, hundreds or even thousands of liters. The history of the Weszely doge family from Lipova is very interesting. From the accounts of the last descendant of this family (but who no longer practiced this craft, being a bank inspector), we learn that as early as the 18th century, his great-great-grandparents were practicing dogarite in a locality in southern Germany. Around 1770 they chose to emigrate to Banat. Thus, they traveled along the Danube in a boat reaching Orșova. There, the Habsburg authorities redistributed the emigrants according to the jobs they knew. Some of those who were dogar tradesmen were sent to Recaș and Teremia Mare, others to Timișoara, and another part, including the Weszely family, arrived in Lipova where they continued this craft, even becoming suppliers of the royal family of Romania (in 1906). The company’s activity continued until 1948. Currently, Mr. Béla Weszely owns the house where the workshop was and a beautiful collection of barrels.

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79. Gabriel HĂLMĂGEAN

MESERIAȘ SAU MEȘTER – LOCUL MORARULUI ÎN COMUNITĂȚILE RURALE DIN JUDEȚUL ARAD

TRADESMAN OR CRAFTSMAN – THE PLACE OF THE MILLER IN THE RURAL COMMUNITIES OF ARAD COUNTY

In the mountain area of Arad County, water mills appeared and developed due to the hydrographic network, at which the water needed for the motor energy was conducted as needed on an supply channel. They had a vertical wheel, the outside of which the water came by falling over the wheel, called by specialists, mills with wheels with cups with higher adduction. In the Arad Plain, due to the abundance of cereals, large commercial mills were developed with a grinding capacity of more than 10,000 kg/24 h. This presentation is based on field observations and research, interviews with miller’s craftsmen, archival research, but also on an edited bibliography targeting the technical peasant facilities related to food.

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80. Ioan GOMAN, Ioana GHERGHEL

TRADIȚIE ȘI MĂIESTRIE ÎN ARTA PRELUCRĂRII LUTULUI. FAMILIA HASAS DIN VADU CRIȘULUI

TRADITION AND MASTERY IN THE ART OF CLAY PROCESSING. THE HASAS FAMILY FROM VADU CRIȘULUI

The article is about the way in which the practice of pottery was passed from one generation to another within the Hasas family from Vadu Crișului, Bihor County. In addition to a number of mentions about some features of the white ceramic made in Vadu Crișulului, within the study, the accent falls on the number and names of those who practiced this craft and appear recorded in the documents in time. A special attention is given to the way in which the Hasas family practiced pottery, mentioning their names and other relevant information about those who practiced this craft continuously for four generations. At the present time, the Hasas family is the only one in Vadu Crișului who still practices this craft in this locality and who wants to continue the tradition in their family in the future, to transmit through creative workshops the secrets of this multi-millennial craft to the people who are interested.

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81. Cristina FĂU

RESTAURAREA PORTRETULUI LUI PETRUS TRAUGOTT VON KLAUSENBURGER (DATAT 1762), PICTAT DE JOSEF CREDISCH

RESTORATION OF THE PORTRAIT OF PETRUS TRAUGOTT VON KLAUSENBURGER (DATED 1762), PAINTED BY JOSEF CREDISCH

The conservation of the portrait of Petrus Traugott von Klausenburger (dated 1762) as Lieutenant in the bodyguard of Maria Theresia was triggered by fruitful research on many connected questions: the life and work of its author (the Viennese painter Josef Credisch), the military and eventual administrative career of the portrayed officer and his kinship with Petrus von Klausenburg, a Royal Judge in Mediaș portrayed in 1759 by Stephan Adolph Valepagi.

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82. Celestina Florina ALBIȘOR

RESTAURAREA A DOUĂ LUCRĂRI PANDANT REALIZATE DE LAUTERER JOHANN, INTITULATE: „PEISAJ STÂNCOS CU O TURMĂ” CU NR. DE INV. 669 ȘI „PEISAJ DELUROS CU O TURMĂ” CU NR. DE INV. 670

RESTORATION OF TWO CONTINUOUS WORKS MADE BY LAUTERER JOHANN, ENTITLED: “ROCKY LANDSCAPE WITH A FLOCK” INV. NO. 669 AND “HOLLY LANDSCAPE WITH A FLOCK” INV. NO. 670

This article presents two paintings in the treasure category, which are pendants: works with the number of Inv. 669 “Rocky landscape with a flock” and 670 “Hilly landscape with a flock” both painted by the same author, Lauterer Johann. I will present the degradations, the preliminary analyses before the beginning of the restoration stages as well as the evolution of the restoration performed. The paintings mentioned have been previously restored, predicting a well-executed doubling miss mounted on an inadequate chassis, with no retraction slope and tensioning wedges. The article is structured in three subpoints: State of conservation works with Inv. No: 669, 670; Research of the state of conservation by performing the necessary analyses for the works with Inv. No. 669, 670; and the research of the state of conservation by performing the necessary analyses for the works with inv. No. 669, 670; explicitly documented with photographs 

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83. CSORTÁN Tünde

DESPRE GLORIA LUI DUMNEZEU… CERCETAREA ORGILOR ȘI ALTARELOR DIN TRANSILVANIA ÎN SECOLELE XVII-XVIII

ABOUT THE GLORY OF GOD… RESEARCH ON ORGANS AND ALTARS IN TRANSYLVANIA IN THE 17TH-18TH CENTURIES

This research represents a first in this field, in terms of safeguarding national cultural heritage, namely church furniture. Over the years we have carried out conservation and restoration work on the heritage furniture – historical, ethnographic, ecclesiastical polychrome wood from museums, churches and private collections.
As a result of the research and conservation-restoration work on the polychrome wooden heritage in the workshop of Mr. Mihály Ferenc, we have managed to decipher, in part, the method of making various pieces of church furniture (fragments of an organ, painted ceiling, pulpit), which are in a fragmentary state, the information discovered on the techniques of execution used being extremely valuable from a historical, documentary and technical point of view.
On the occasion of the conservation and restoration of an organ which was the subject of our dissertation coordinated by the specialists Mihály Ferenc and organ builder Zoltán Pap we managed to reconstruct the technique of organ building.
Through this study I mention the current state of the organs and altars in Transylvania in the 17th-18th centuries, which I studied in the master’s cycle and in the scientific research project done for the admission to the Doctoral School of the West University of Timișoara.
The second part of the work includes the description and methods of conservation-restoration of a carved and painted fragment from the end of the 17th century – the beginning of the 18th century, belonging to the Evangelical Church of Sibiu.
Part three describes the current scientific research on altars in this era.

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84. Ioana POPIȚIU

CONSIDERAȚII ASUPRA RESTAURĂRII PATRIMONIULUI PE SUPORT ANORGANIC. STUDIU DE CAZ

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE RESTORATION OF HERITAGE ON INORGANIC SUPPORT. CASE STUDY

The present work refers to the restoration and conservation of some bronze objects discovered in Hunedoara County by treasure hunters.
In the introduction, reference is made to the description of the state of the objects, the nature of the deposits and the degree of degradations of the metal, as well as the restoration proposals. These include classic treatments used in restoration of archaeological objects from alloys of copper, bronze and tin.
Classical methods for this type of material were used: dry mechanical treatment, wet chemical treatment, stabilization, completion, neutralization, conservation. Also, we describe the method of restoration for the iron elements that complete the two bronze pieces, namely stabilization and their conservation.

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85. Elena Manuela PĂTRUȚESCU

ANALIZA STĂRII DE CONSERVARE A 175 OPAIȚE DIN EPOCA ROMANĂ DIN COLECȚIA MUZEULUI REGIUNII PORȚILOR DE FIER

ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF CONSERVATION OF 175 OPAYS FROM THE ROMAN ERA FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE IRON GATES REGION MUSEUM

The paper presents the description of 175 rushlights from the Roman Period, the description of the state of conservation and finally a statistical situation from the point of view of integrity.

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86. Luminița Rodica Cornelia BOGDAN

UN OCTOIH DE LA 1763, TIPĂRIT LA RÂMNIC

OCTOIH PRINTED IN 1763 AT RÂMNIC

An important liturgical book of the Orthodox Church, was printed at Râmnic, in 1763. Volume in 4º, missing title page, 255, 125, with red and black print and 24 rows per page, richly ornamented with engravings, among which an unsigned representation of Saint John Damascene stands out. The support paper, of good quality, has minutely elaborated watermarks, one of them in two variants, one simpler, the other more carefully crafted, which make up the letters FA. The conservation status, when entering the laboratory, was relatively good as far as pages are concerned, but the binding was compromised, due to the lack of covers and the deteriorated spine. Restoration operations on open volume were necessary. The main stages of the technological flow were sterilization, washing, restoration by double method with Japanese paper of proper thickness and colour, consolidation with Japanese paper silk, recomposing the body of the book and pressings.

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87. Oana PITIC-BĂRUȚA

REFACEREA PLANEITĂȚII UNUI PERGAMENT DIN COLECȚIA SECȚIEI DE ISTORIE A MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR

RESTORATION OF THE FLATNESS OF A PARCHMENT FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE HISTORY SECTION OF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM

The restoration of the parchment flatness is one of the most common problems and a sequence from the restoration process with a long execution, being necessary to revitalize the structure of the material and to cancel the formal memory of the parchment.

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88. Erika POSMOȘANU, Corina POP

RESTAURAREA ȘI CONSERVAREA SCHELETELOR DIN MORMÂNTUL DUBLU, DE SECOL X, DE LA SĂLACEA

RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE SKELETONS FROM THE DOUBLE TOMB FROM SĂLACEA, 10TH CENTURY

This article presents the restoration of two human skeletons, discovered in 1966 at Sălacea, Bihor County. The double tomb contained two skeletons, one belonged to a 50-60 year old man, the other to a 30-35 old woman, father, and daughter according to the anthropological analyses. The skeletons initially were preserved in situ, the exterior surface of the bones and the surrounding soil being impregnated by nitrocellulose dissolved in acetone. During relocation in the new exhibition, the bones were removed and placed in untreated sand, nearby the new setting, which was made of gypsum, water and Papier mâché. The sand, in which the skeleton was placed, showed signs of molding after a year. All the bones were analyzed using binocular microscope and UV lighting. The bones were partially affected by molding, but showed Bynesian efflorescence, and an advanced ageing of the consolidant. The bones were brushed, then treated with 95% ethylic alcohol by swabbing. The vertebrae and other porous bones were immersed in 70% alcohol. The nitrocellulose was removed by wiping with acetone. All the bones were impregnated with a dilute solution of Paraloid B72 dissolved in acetone. The display case was disinfected, the sand was sterilized by heating to 75oC in an oven, with 5% thymol in ethylic alcohol. To maintain the RH between 45-55% and Temperature between 18-21%, the microclimate values are permanently monitored.

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89. Carina STANCIU

RESTAURAREA ŞI CONSERVAREA PIESEI TEXTILE „FAŢĂ DE MASĂ BRODATĂ SECESSION”

THE RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION OF THE TEXTILE PIECE “SECESSION EMBROIDERED TABLECLOTH”

This article describes the process of restoration and conservation of a textile embroidered tablecloth belonging to the Art department of the Țării Crișurilor Musem, dated 1922. The tablecloth is decorated by hand using threads of colorful silk, specific to the Secession style, and metallic threads obtained by wrapping copper mixed with other types of metals around a cotton core.
The textile base consists of a beige colored cotton fabric that was intentionally thinned by removing a certain number of threads for the purpose of applying “the perforation” technique, which we can observe on certain areas already finalized. The central decor presents a symmetrical composition, rich in vegetal ornamental elements, accentuated by the metallic thread used to contour them. Around the almost square edges of the textile piece we can observe a cotton lace woven using the “bobbin lace” embroidery technique.

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90. Teofil MUREȘAN

RESTAURAREA MONEDELOR DIN TEZAURUL DE LA GROȘI, JUDEȚUL BIHOR

RESTORATION OF COINS FROM THE GROȘI TREASURY, BIHOR COUNTY

The article presents the case of a random discovery of a hoard wich consists in silver coins from the 17th century. The monetary issues arrived at Cris Country Museum. The coins were studied, the mesurements were taken, and then subjected to the restoration operations. In the articol the restoration process is detailed presented.

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91. Florian HEREDEA

RESTAURAREA LUCRĂRII DE PICTURĂ PORTRETUL ÎMPĂRATULUI FRANZ STEPHAN DE LORENA, SEC. XVIII

RESTORATION OF THE PAINTING PORTRAIT OF EMPEROR FRANZ STEPHAN OF LORRAINE, 18TH CENTURY

The article presents the restoration process of the painting Portrait of Emperor Franz Stephan of Lorraine from the collection of the Țării Crișurilor Museum. The state of conservation of the work on all constituent levels (chassis, support, pictorial layer) and the proposals for restoration are presented, as well as the stages of the restoration process accompanied by witness photographs.

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92. SZILÁGYI Mária Ildikó

AMENAJAREA EXPOZIȚIEI DE BAZĂ A SECȚIEI DE ARTĂ DIN CADRUL MUZEULUI ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR ORADEA

SETTING UP THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION OF THE ART DEPARTMENTOF THE ȚĂRII CRIȘURILOR MUSEUM ORADEA

This article records the long period from the closure of the permanent exhibitions of the Țării Crișurilor Museum in Oradea in 2006 until its reopening in the new location in 2022. It presents the design and architectural concept of the Art Department’s project, outlines the general conditions that an exhibition space must fulfill, draws attention to the stages of exhibition organization, presents the spaces intended for the permanent exhibition and, finally, gets to the mounting and display of the works on the wall, on the stands and in the showcases.

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