1. Ioan CRIŞAN, Gruia FAZECAŞ

 

 

 

In 2002 was done a rescue excavation at Oradea „Metro” in SE side of Oradea city. With this occasion was found two archaeological complexes, probably houses (Fig. I). Both of them belong to Criş culture of Neolithic Age.

 

 

2. Călin GHEMIȘ, Victor SAVA

 

 

 

The authors presents three pots discovered in an small balcon in Moanei cave. The cave is situated in Mişid valley in the end ofit.
Entire cave is crossed by a samll river vich has variable vulumes in the diffrent periods ofthe year.
Monaei cave has 1170 m longer and two big entrances the plan ofthe cave is not verry complicated, it is a main gallery with big rooms like „The Great Room”.
In 1980 on the occasion of spelaeological expeditions in the right wall situated at 70 meters from the entrance at 8 meters altitude were find three pots.
According to the characteristics ofthe ceramic all these pots belonging to the Coţofeni culture precisely to the III-rd stage ofit.

The most interesting problem ofthis discovery is its significance. In the area ofCoţofeni culture this kind of discoveries are very rare. Another discovery from Şuncuiuş is situate in Izbândiş cave the discoveries from this cave contains two pots, the discoveries conditions are the same as in the Moanei cave.
lt is hard to give an explanation to this kind of discoveries but it is sure that they are closed to the sacral practices linked with complicated rituals.
The using of caves for this kind ofrituals is not new there are discoveries from paleolithic to the La Tene period situated in caves wich are hard accesible.

 

 

3. EMŐDI Ioan

 

 

 

This article presents the illustrations of a Bronze Age waist belt that picture was left out from
the previous publications (the titles are put in the brackets in the article above).

 

 

4. Gruia T. FAZECAŞ, Doru MARTA

 

 

In 1993 Zakăras Ştefan donated to Criş County Museum from Oradea an archaeological collection which was the resuit of an morethan forty years ofwork. The finds are discovere  in Valea lui Mihai area, a place rich in archaeological discoveries (notes 1-2). We don’t have any knowledge about the discoverz places og these archaeological finds but some of the artifacts are worthly to be included in scientific circuit.
The main part of collection is constituted by pottery belonging to Copper Age Tiszapolgăr culture (PI. 1/3) and tothe Baden culture (PI. U5, 6); to the Bronze Age Otomani culture (PI. 1/1, 4, 7-9), Latene period (PI. IU5). Also to the Bronze Age belong four wagon wheels that may belong to Otomani or Wietemberg culture (PI. IIl/1-4) (note 4).
Along the pottery are some metallic artifacts: one dagger (PI. IIUI ), a sikle (PI. 111/2) and a pendant (PI. IIl/3), all fragmentary, belonging to Koszider horizon of Bronze Age (Br. C). Five bracelets (PI. III/4, 6, 7, 9, 10) and two hair rings (PI. III/ 5, 8) belong to Middle Age. Osteologica! pieces represent decorative artifacts like wild boar perforated tusk, used like pendants (PI. IV/ l-8)(note 7) or tools (PI. IV /9-16; V /17-23). Lithical finds are mainly neo-aeneolithic age axes (PI. VI). In the end, archaeological material from „Zakăras Ştefan” colection underline once again the old conclusions: Valea lui Mihai and Eriu valley area was intense habited in all historical ages.

 

 

5. Sorin BULZAN, Călin GHEMIŞ

 

 

 

The late Latene settlement discovered in the summer of 1999 it is placed on the lower terrace ofBarcau River in an area ofsand exploitation (for discoveries from other periods see Bulzan, Ghemis 2000, p. 45).
The cleaned profile on the edge ofthe sand excavation presented a complex stratigraphy (see Fig. 2, a) in which it was distinguished a late Latene dwelling and others features. A rectangular surface of 5×6 m (Cas. A) was open in order to study this complex.

The late Latene complexes were belonging to an open settlement and four trenches were made in this area.

 

 

6. Sever DUMITRAȘCU

 

 

 

The author presents the territory from the Corinthian isthmus to Damask between 15-106 A.C. In that time, the Dacians from the Northem part of the Danube was neighbored with the Roman Empire where, in the mentioned region, preached the apostles Paul, Andrew, Philip, Tit and even apostie Peter, for a short time.

 

 

7. Ioan CRIȘAN

 

 

 

Lors des fouilles archeologiques de l’annee 2002 effectuees dans la necropole du village medieval Rădvani, village aujourd’hui disparu, ont ete analysees 76 tombes (39 d’adultes et 37 d’enfants).

Parmi Ies tombes invesstiguees on remarque d’apres son inventaire, la tombe M 200 (fig. I). II s’agit d’une tombe d’enfant, situe pres de l’emplacement d’une eglise datant du XIII< siecle. Le squelette, long de 1,25 m, se trouvait a I, I O m de profondeur. Dans la region abdominale etaient repandues des pieces en os provenant d’une ceinture (pi. I/3-16). A l ‘une des phalanges de la main droite le defunt avait une bague en argent. Sur le chaton de la bague est grave, en negatif, l’immage d’une tete d’auroch flanquee d’un croissant et d’un soieil. Au-dessus de la tete, entre Ies comes, est representee, de la meme fac;:on, une etoile. Du cote gauche de la tete d ‘auroch se trouve une cogne (pi. I/ 1-2). Selon ies analogies de son inventaire la tombe M 200 remonterait aux XIV-XVI< siecles.

 

 

8. Doina IGNAT, Doru MARTA

 

 

 

In this paper, the authors analise the authors analise an accidental found, when in downtown of Oradea was installed some waterpipes at an considerable depth.
The investigated three owens was intens affected by excavations works, but was preserved an rich archaeological material on tile mould, pot-tiles with quadrilateral mouth or round mouth types, tiles discs with precise dating – the second half of 15th century. Common pothery is dated in 17th century.
This article come to complete the very few archaeological material from Medieval Age found – in historical centre of the Oradea city, which today is coverd by buildings from XIX-XXth totally century.

 

 

9. Florian DUDAȘ

 

 

 

This study reveals an old Romanian book which must be assigned to the Romanian Scholar Samuil Micu who was also a representative ofthe Enlightment. The book is called Cuvântare despre posturile Bisericii greceşti a Răsăritului (Speech about the Eastern Church Fasts) and it was printed in Romanian in the year 1828 in Buda, in Hungary. The work’s author is not mentioned and from the title page we find out that this book could have appeared due to Anastasie, Archbishop ofthe Romanian Country. Florian Dudas reveals that the 1828 printing represents the Romanian edition of Samuil Micu’s book called Dissertatio dejejuniis Graecae orientalis Ecclesiae, which appeared in 1782 in Vienna and another edition in the Serbian language called Rasujdenie o postah Vostocinaia Ţercve, appeared in 1794 in Vienna.
ln the end the study author proves that, in reality, Anastasie the Archbishop never existed and the I 828 literary work was edited with the help of Bishop and scholar Samuil Vulcan from Oradea, a city situated today in the western part of Romania.
The Romanian edition of 1828 represents a polemica! theological writing and propagates Enlightenment ideas because it fights against exaggerated religious fast with dangerous influence upon people health.

 

 

10. Mihai GEORGIȚĂ

 

 

Preocuparea pentru cercetarea influenţei calvinismului între românii din Ardeal este aproape concomitentă cu cea pentru istoria românilor din această provincie, deoarece este stabilit în istoriografie că, în evul mediu, în spaţiul intracarpatic etnonimul român era asociat eminamente cu apartenenţa sa confesională, iar ortodoxia era denumită „lege românească”. În atare condiţii, singura instituţie importantă care-i reprezenta era biserica ortodoxă. Această realitate s-a statuat de jure în timpul Reformei şi al Principatului. Cercetătorul a trebuit să ţină seama, prin urmare, de această realitate etno-confesională, atunci când s-a aplecat asupra acestui subiect.

 

 

11. EMŐDI János

 

 

This article is an addendum to the study published in the volume entitled „Tortenetiadatok Nagyvarad multjab61” (Historical Dates from the Past of Oradea) voi. I, Oradea,2000, pg. 119-154. In that volume there were presented 467 different kind of bricks. Inaddition to the rectifications made in the addendum, we also added to the previous !ist 60more unpublished pieces ofbricks.

 

 

12. Radu MILIAN

 

Until the second half ofthe XIX-th century in many schools from Transylvania was use chirilic graphic. Translation to lateen graphic it wasn’t an lacy process. Mostly in orthodox area witch was under serbian influence. The document what it’s the object of our paper conceming to the orthodox metropolitan opposition to the use of lateen alphabet in Preparadia Buldet (Tehnologica! school) from Arad.

 

 

13. Alexandru POP

 

 

Du riche patrimoine de la Collection d’Histoire de la Phannacie, l’auteur, visant un sujet limite, presente Ies pots en fai’ence et en verre provenant des Ies anciennes phannacies d’Oradea du XVIll• siecle, ,,La Grenade” (,,Rodia”) et„L ‘Aigled’Or”.
On remarque specialement trois series de pots phannaceutiques appartenant autrefois a la phannacie „Rodia”, l’une de 26 pieces en fai’ence, l’autre de 18 pieces en fai’ence, Ies deux series ayant manufacturees a Buda (Hongrie). La 3• serie de trois pieces a ete fabriquee a Păpa (Hongrie ).
Panni Ies pots en verre on presente une serie tres interessante de 9 bocaux fabriques en Transylvanie et appartenant autrefois a la phannacie „L ‘Aigle d’Or”.

 

 

14. Florian DUDAȘ

 

 

The author reveals and describes the oldest known year book belonging to the RomanianHigh School of Beius, a town situated in the western part of Romania. The book wasprinted in Latin and has the title CLASSIFICATIO JUVENTUTIS SCHOLASTICAE REGIIEPISCOPALIS MAJORIS GYMNASII BELENYESIENSIS GRAECI RITUSCATHOLICORUM and appeared in 1843 in Oradea.After a short introduction of the printing, the author reveals the fact thatClasifficatio … represents the oldest year book known up to present and belonging to aRomanian High School.

 

 

15. Iudita CĂLUȘER

 

Dans le paysage culturel de Beiuş ont fonctionne plusieurs associations et societes qui avaient inclus parmi Ies prevoyances statutaires l’organisation des bibliotheques propres qui etaient mises â la disposition des habitants aussi. En plus de la riche bibliotheque du Lycee uniate pour gan;:ons, creee presque’en meme temps avec l’organisation de l’ecole en 1828, â son tour le Lycee roumain uniate pour filles de Beiuş, qui a commence â fonctionner en 1896, a cree sa bibliotheque. On suit l’evolution thematique et numerique jusqu’au moment de la suppression de l’ecole en 1948.
La bibliotheque a beneficie d’un soutien financier et de donations du patron de l’ecole, l’Eveche uniate d’Oradea, mais aussi des maisons d’edition et des intellectuels du lieu. Jusqu’en 1918 l’acquisition des livres roumains etait assez difficile, mais on constate des liaisons avec des editeurs de Bucarest et de Iassy. En 1936 ii y avaient dans la bibliotheque plus de 3000 titres de livre.
Du point de vue thematique, la bibliotheque avait en principal des livres de litterature et d’histoire. Un nombre important de periodiques roumains et etrangers apparaît.
Un role important dans l ‘acquisition de livre du Lycee a ete joue par la Typographie et la librairie „Doina” de Beiuş, creee en 1911 et reactivee apres la fin de la premiere guerre mondiale.
Une donation importante pour le lycee provient en 1925 de I ‘artiste Aristide Demetriade de Bucarest, qui a visite la viile de Beiuş â l’occasion des representations theâtrales.
L’ inventaire de la bibliotheque de 1948 demontre une epuration drastique et une reorientation conforme â !’ideologie du nouveau gouvemement, le nombre des livres etant de plus en plus moindre.

 

 

16. Constantin MĂLINAȘ

 

 

 

L’auteur regarde Ies medailles en tant que l’object qui s’offre aux collections des bibliotheques, d’une maniere speciale apres l’apparition de la !oi des bibliotheques en Roumanie (nr. 334/2002). De consequence, on propose en premiere la therminologie pour Ies decrire uniforme, comme application du standard intemational I.S.B.D. (G) et I.S.B.D. (NB), aussi que pour le transfer des donnees du format descriptif I.S.B.D. en format electronique MARC, des objets tridimensionelles.
Dans la premiere partie de l’etude nous pouvons trouver la definition de la medalistique, en tant de science adjointe de l’histoire, deja separee de la numismatique. Aussi y concerne des donnees sur l’histoire, !’art et la technique des medailles, en formant le tableau terminologique, necessaire pour bien couvrir une description uniforme des medailles, qui va suivre dans la deuxieme partie de l’ouvrage.

 

 

17. Lucia CORNEA

 

 

 

Pour I ‘histoire de la photographie touristique en Bihor on distingue deux epoques definitoires: Ies premieres annees du XX• siecle et, plus tard, l’entre-deux-guerres. La photographie touristique fut surtout I’apanage du mouvement des photographes amateurs, dont le nombre alia en croissant apres 1890.
Les images reproduites dans I’ encyclopedie du comte de Bihor parue en 190 l sous la redaction de Samu Borovszky comptent parmi Ies premieres photographies touristiques du Bihor.
Dans Ies premieres annees du XX• siecle, le pionnier de la photographie touristique en Bihor fut Gyula Czârân qui deploya une activite meritoire de recherche, amenagement et marquage des trajets touristiques dans Ies Monts Bihor, dans la region de Stâna de Vale, Lunca, Băiţa, dans la vallee du Sighiştel et aussi a Vadu Crişului. II effectua des recherches dans la grotte de Meziad des 1880. En tant que photographe amateur, Czârân realisa nombre de photographies d’une tres bonne qualite. A Ia meme epoque, a cote de Gyula Czărân, deux autres photographes amateurs, lies de par leur profession a la region montagneuse, nous laisserent de vraies photographies-document dont une partie est encore conservee dans des collections privees. II s’agit de Gyula Szâdeczky – geologue et de Bela Ruzitska – chimiste, tous Ies deux professeurs a l’Universite de Cluj. Leurs photographies sont aujourd’hui considerees comme uniques du point de vue documentaire et absolument remarquables du point de vue technique et artistique.
La diffusion de la photographie touristique au debut du XX• siecle fut egalement possible grâce a la connaissance de la technique de la photographie par des couches de plus en plus larges de la population, en commen~ant par Ies eleves. II y eut dans quelques ecoles d’Oradea la preoccupation expresse pour l’instruction des eleves en cette direction.
C’est entre Ies deux guerres que l’on rencontre le plus grand nombre d’amateurs passionnes de la photographie touristique. Les vrais touristes-photographes n’etaient pas recrutes de la categorie des photographes amateurs «du dimanche», mais de ceux qui ont pratique systematiquement et constamment la photographie, ayant comme but la photographie artistique. A cette epoque, le tourisme, en tant que sport et agrement, est devenu de plus en plus facile a pratiquer, gagnant de nombreux adeptes meme parmi Ies ouvriers; d’autre part, la photographie est devenue, du point de vue technique et financier, beaucoup plus accessible qu’aux epoques anterieures.
Pour l’entre-deux-guerres, une importante source pour l’etude de l’histoire de la photographie touristique en Bihor est la revue Biharorszag [Pays de Bihor] parue a Oradea entre 1929 et 1933 et continuee par Turista Elet [ Vie Touristique] entre 1934 et 1936.

Nombre de photographes professionnels ont ete impliques egalement dans le mouvement touristique. Ceux-ci sont devenus de vrais catalyseurs, en stimulant cette branche de la photographie. On remarque tout d’abord le groupe de jeunes photographes de I ‘atelier Foto (Sândor Griinfeld, Gyorgy Major), mais aussi Denes Szabo junior et Jeno Molnâr, qui sont devenus de vraies locomotives du mouvement de Ia photographie touristique locale. Parmi Ies photographes amateurs on compte des touristes passionnes, tels que Ies freres Mokos, Janos Fey, Sândor Rauch et Vidor Pecsy.

Entre Ies deux guerres, la photographie touristique a commence a etre pratiquee de maniere organisee. Les associations touristiques ont polari se tout ce qu ‘ii y avait de meilleur dans le mouvement des photographes amateurs de Bihor. D’autre part, Ies ateliers professionnels prosperes -Amat-foto,Angelo, Central Foto – ont sponsorise en permanence Ies manifestations expositionnelles des associations touristiques, en offrant tant de l’argent que des appareils et du materiei photo et en pratiquant des reductions de prix pour Ies membres des associations touristiques. Les premieres sections photographiques sont apparues a l’interieur des sections touristiques des associations sportives. Ainsi s’est constituee en fevrier 1930 lasectionphoto de !’Association Sportive d’Oradea. En 1932, la section touristique ( qui existait depuis 1929) de cette association sportive s ‘est constituee en association independante – le Club Touristique de Bihor. Quelques touristesphotographes tres actifs se sont imediatement groupes autour de ce club qui oeuvrait pour la promotion et la connaissance surtout des Monts Bihor et des grottes appartenant au departement de Bihor. En 1934 fut fondee la section photo de cette association. Sa premiere action importante fut l’organisation d’un laboratoire photo, suivie en mars 1935 d’une exposition des photographes amateurs d’Oradea.
Une autre association touristique a promouvoir la photographie fut !’Association de Touristes Ies Aigles. Celle-ci eut aussi une section photo, dirigee par !’artiste graphiste Roman Karoly Radvănyi et plus tard par Istvan Gyenge, horloger-joaillier et photographe amateur bien connu. La premiere manifestation publique de cette section photo fut sa participation a une exposition-concours nationale des photographes amateurs qui eut lieu a Târgu-Mureş fin 1935. L’annee suivante, la section photo organisa elle-meme une exposition-concours nationale a Oradea. La photographie touristique occupa Ies deux premieres sections de I’ exposition, presentant des photos d’ endroits touristiques traditionnels de Bihor. En 1938, la section photo ouvrit une nouvelle exposition de photographie artistique.
Une autre association touristique – l’Association Ies Amis de la Nature pratiqua elle aussi la photographie touristique.
Les sections photo des associations touristiques d’Oradea ont collabore avec des sections de meme vocation des autres villes de la Transylvanie. Ainsi, Ies photographes d’Oradea participerent-ils en 1937 a une exposition-concours des photographes amateurs organisee par la section photo de la Societe Sportive et Culturelle Echo de Cluj.
L’organisation de randonnees et de trajets touristiques se fit sans tenir compte de l’appartenance a un certain club touristique. Les groupes se constituaient selon des affinites, des sympathies, de I’ interet des uns et des autres pour une route precise. Les touristesphotographes amateurs etaient des gens tres differents du point de vue professionnel, intellectuel et social. Le fait de partager la meme passion etait de nature a attenuer Ies differences d’education, de confort materiei ou de position sociale. Sur Ies chemins de randonnee des Monts Bihor ils n’etaient plus que des touristes et des photographes.

 

 

18. Ion ZAINEA

 

 

 

Although it suffered a lot because of the war, Bihor county contributed with all its possibilities to those fifty million dollars payment that Romania had to pay to the Soviet Union during the first year ofthe Annistice Convention application.
In absence ofthe cereals, the county had to deliverparticularly animals: horses, homed cattle, sheep, swine. The quotes that were distributed to the county weren ‘t enough to be realise the total due to the diseases appeared among the animals. Greater difficulties came, especially due to the fact that the county, founded for a long time in the military operations zone, was drained by animals, cereals and food products, and because of hostile attitude of the Hungarian population towards gatherings and Romanian administration, attitude kept up by the indenthyste propaganda, well supported and financed.

 

 

19. Antonio FAUR

 

 

The author reconstitutes – relying on original documentary sources – the main dimensions ofthe history of Maramures in the first month after the war had finished (August-December 1945) which underwent great trials for the inhabitants ofthis county. The military events, as well as others deriving from it, had damaged the economic life (agriculture trade and industry) being itself weakened by the overwhelming obligations imposed by soviet soldiers’ thefts.
On the backdrop ofsome efforts to make the Romanian administrations more efficient, re-instated in July the revisionist oriented and state authority undermine activities were unfolding spreading alarming rumors (related to the faith of Maramures and North-West Transylvania) meant to demoralize the Romanians.

From the economic point of view, real destabilization was instated; the inhabitants of the county were deprived of many things, thus the most basic aliments were missing from the market as well as clothing items and footwear.

 

 

20. Corneliu CRĂCIUN

 

 

L’automne de l’annee 1946, ii y eut !’un des plus importants moments de l’histoire dela Roumanie d’apres la guerre: Ies elections. Toute formation politique entree en competitions’en est rendue compte de la signification de l’evenement: d’une cote Partidul NaţionalŢărănesc et Partidul Naţional Liberal se voyaient en mesure de remettre la societe roumainesur la voie de la democratie d’ entre Ies guerre et empecher Ies tendances expansionnistes descommunistes dans le politique; de l’autre cote, PCR, entre dans le Bloc des PartisDemocratiques, considerait Ies elections une chance d’eliminer Ies parties d’oppositions etsaisir le pouvoir. La presente etude donne une idee sur le mode que Biroul Judeţean dePartid Bihor organisa l’activite electorale. Les documents identifies dans Ies ArchivesNationales – Direction du Departement Bihor, le fond du Comite PCR, Bihor, presententl’organisation des elections, mobilisations des membres, le partage des taches, Ies relationsal ‘interieur du Bloc, Ies tentatives d’eliminer Ies adversaires politiques. Au depit de toutesces mesures politiques, la population de la Roumanie, en majorite, refusa de donner Iesvotes au B.P.D., et ce fut par la fraude qu’il remporta la victoire dans Ies elections.

 

 

21. Augustin ȚĂRĂU

 

 

In this study I’ve tried to present the existing link between the development of „TheCold War” a the elimination process of politic opponents of communism regimes installedby The Soviet Union in it’s satellite countries from Eastem Europe.

After resuming some historical opinions regarding the event which start ‘The ColdWar”, certain documents such as „Winston Churchill’s Statement” from Fulton University(Missouri), „Baruch Plan”, „Marshall Plan” and the soviet variant, în the second phase ofthis study, I’ve described detailed how the arrests went with the members ofThe NationalPeasant’s Party from Nord-Vest side counties ofRomania and the drama ofit’s leader IuliuManiu în 1947.

 

 

22. Gabriel MOISA

 

 

The conclusions related to the themes and the epochs approached by the western historiographies are very interesting. Each has its own aspects and accents related to Transilvania. The reasons depend on the affinities and the researcher training, but also on the special interest of some states related through history to Transilvani an state, like German historiographies. Excepting Hungarian historiography that, in fact, does not belong to western research but must be mention because of objective reasons, the majority of studies regarding the Romanians are in English space.
This fact can be explained by the special material resources from there and by some spirits who knew how to come near Transilvanian and Romanians history and to devote themselves to Romanian problems. If we take into account only the last part of the XX century, we will have to mention, for their approaching and encouragement ofRomanians, historians like Hugh Seton-Watson, Henry L. Roberts, Sherman D. Spector, Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, William O. Oldson, Barbara Jelavich, Charles Jelavich, Eric D. Tapee or Stephen Fischer-Galati. They created a real institutional system, institutions, and magazines, which ensure even today the continuity ofthe Romanian history’s research.
Having these as example, a lot of other conscientious young men came along, forming a new contemporary history section, that began in 1960-1970 of the past century, offering new dimensions to Romanian research. Between these, we mention Dennis Deletant, Frederick Kellog, Keith Hitchins, Katherine Verdery, Trond Gilbert, Frederick Barth or Paul Michelson, all of them having incontestable merits for the continuity, thoroughgoing and understanding of Romanian history.
If the historiographies from the English space, especially the American and English ones, are interested in the modem and contemporary periods, those belonging to the central Europe, German and Hungarian, approach the aspects related to medieval and modem periods, when Transilvania was a component of these worlds. While the Germans and Hungarians have a direct interest in Transilvania’s research, English and American historiographies respond to some research directions initiated by institutes and universities, London, Maryland, Illinois, interested in the evolution of post-war Romania, more and more paradoxically after 1965. They have searched the explanations for this situation in inter-war years and the XX century, considered by American historiography the century where could be found many contemporary evolutions causes. In order to support this, we can mention a series of doctor’s degree thesis written in Romania by American and English researchers Keith Hitchins, Paul Michelson, Katherine Verdery, Frederick Kellog or Dennis Deletant, whose research tried to clear a lot ofunknowns ofthe Transilvania’s history and the Romania’s one as a whole.
Italian historiography is a special case regarding Transilvania’s research, responding to some common realities Romani an – Italian, appeared aut of a common origin and linguistic fund. Italian research, leaded by Mario Ruffini, Carlo Tagliavini, Giuliano Bonfante or Cesare Alzati, emphasizes the similar connections between the two worlds.

Cezare Alzati proved himself a very good expert of the Transilvania’s realities, discovering new affinities between Transilvania and Italy, based on a common Christian fund. Italian researchers, especially Mario Ruffini, have approached many classical problems of politic history, being in the same time the mast constant presence in the clerical history investigations from all western historiographies. Luigi Prosdocimi and Cezare Alzati have showed a special attention for medieval and modern periods. The main research directions, validated by a lot of articles, studies and books of Italian historiography, regarding the Transilvanian space between 1965-1989 were related to institutional history of the church and to the church’s history as a whole, especially to the aspects regarding the common Christian fund and the evolution of Catholic Church from Ardeal. We notice a translation of the research from politics to confessional between 1960-1980, extremely reach in this kind of approaches.
American historiography extended its preoccupation between the last part of the ’60 and the years ’80. If in the first years of Ceausescu regime, Transilvania’s history investigation was simplified, as the Italian one, having as a goal especially politic history approaches, the last I 0-15 years of communism have known new themes regarding anthropology, historiography or culture history, due especially to some historians like Gail Kligman, Katherine Verdery or Frederic H. Barth. American historiography continued, through Keith Hitchins, to investigate the XX century in Transilvania, based on Romanian people’s history and its evolution from the beginning of modern period until Romanian national state completion.

English historiography followed a straight trajectory compared to other cases between seven and nine decades regarding Transilvania’s history investigation, emphasizing especially the communist years. Politic, social, economic or many others aspects of the system from Bucharest were studied especially by School of Slavonic from University of London and by Dennis Deletant, the main promoter of Romania’s research in England since 1965, along with Eric D.Tapee, in a first stage. These were dedicated almost entirely until 1989 to the above themes, English historiography having fewer research directions than the others were. Englishmen were the mast consistent in promoting official connections with Romanian historiography. The meeting between Romania and England on historic themes took place once at three years since 1974, regardless the aspects ofthe systeftl from Bucharest. Dennis Deletant had a special merit; he continued the way started by his mentor, Eric D.Tapee in 1974.
German historiography was, except for Hungarian one, the mast complex regarding Transilvania. We can find here different problems studied, since the approaches related to Middle Ages until contemporary history investigations.

Since 1960 until 1990, Mathias Bemath was the leader of Sudost Forschungen magazines, this being an important gain for the investigation ofthis province. Politic history research ofTransilvania through Karl Nehring, Gerhard Seewan or Manfred Stoy, completed with Romanian people from Ardeal studying through Mathias Bernath and Emanuel Turczinski and its evolutions until the beginning ofthe modem epoch are the main directions showed by German investigation on Transilvania. German historiography has great contributions to the elucidation of the genesis of Romanian national conscience, Mathias Bemath being one ofknown specialists from this field, a model of analysis and explanation, able to elucidate this problem. German research knew an upward evolution from the theme richness’ point of view since 1960 until the end of 1980, when Transilvania’s history was increasingly understood through increasingly rigorous contributions. The last two decades of Ceausescu regime knew the most valuable historic analysis, due to the research diversity and studies centers multiplication. The Osteuropa Institut from Berlin or the University of Bochum also excellently investigated Transilvanian space, here existing a powerful section for central European history, coordinated by Emanuel Turczinski. German historiography had great contributions at the Romanian national conscience development in a propitious frame created by Vienna through its integration politic.
In this chapter, we tried to present the positions ofthe most important historiographies outside Romania, regarding a very complex subject due to numerous concrete sensibilities that appeared when we talk about Transilvania. Certainly, the subject is not closed. We can conclude that it is necessary to approach an impartial attitude in historic investigation when it comes to this space or another one.

 

 

1. ***, Un veac de lumină, Editura Muzeului Ţării Crişurilor, Oradea, 2003, 440 p. (Ronald Hochhauser)

2. Gabriel Moisa, Colectivizare, rezistenţă şi represiune în vestul României (1948-1951), Editura Muzeului Ţării Crişurilor, Oradea, 1999, 176 p. (Corneliu Crăciun)

3. Mihai lacobescu, 30 de zile în „Siberia”. Căutând arhivele Bucovinei, Editura Junimea, Iaşi, 2003, 456 p. (Corneliu Crăciun)

4. Geoffrey de Villehardouin, Cucerirea Constantinopolului. Traducere şi note de Tatiana Ana Flueraru. Ediţie îngrijită şi prefaţă de Ovidiu Pecican, Editura LIMES, Cluj-Napoca, 2002, 212 p. (Corneliu Crăciun)

5. Gelu Neamţu, Viorel Faur, Iosif Roman (1829-1908), o personalitate bihoreană mai puţin cunoscută, Editura Universităţii din Oradea, 2004, 203 p. (Corneliu Crăciun)